Chapter 1: Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

Define "anatomy."

Back 1

The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure.

Front 2

Define "physiology."

Back 2

The scientific investigation of the processes or functions of living things.

Front 3

Define "exercise physiology."

Back 3

The changes in structure and function caused by exercise.

Front 4

Define "pathology."

Back 4

The study of structural and functional changes caused by disease.

Front 5

Define "gross" or "macroscopic."

Back 5

The structures examined without a microscope.

Front 6

Define "regional."

Back 6

Studied area by area.

Front 7

Define "systemic."

Back 7

Studied system by system.

Front 8

Define "surface."

Back 8

The external form and relation to deeper structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging.

Front 9

Define "microscopic."

Back 9

The structures seen with the microscope.

Front 10

Define "cytology."

Back 10

Cellular anatomy.

Front 11

Define "histology."

Back 11

Study of tissues.

Front 12

Define "cell physiology."

Back 12

Examines processes in cells.

Front 13

Define "neurophysiology."

Back 13

Focuses on the nervous system.

Front 14

Define "cardiovascular."

Back 14

The heart and blood vessels.

Front 15

Chemical level

Back 15

Atoms combine to form molecules.

Front 16

Cell level

Back 16

Molecules form organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria which make up cells.

Front 17

Tissue level

Back 17

Similar cells and surrounding materials make up tissues.

Front 18

Organ level

Back 18

Different tissues combine to form organs, such as the urinary bladder.

Front 19

Organ system level

Back 19

Organs, such as the urinary bladder and kidneys, make up an organ system.

Front 20

Organism level

Back 20

Organ systems make up an organism

Front 21

Atom

Back 21

Small unit of matter

Front 22

Matter

Back 22

Anything that occupies space and has a mass

Front 23

Integumentary system

Back 23

Provides protection, regulates temperatures, prevents water loss, and helps produce vitamin D. Consists of skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands.

Front 24

Skeletal system

Back 24

Provides protection and support, allows body movements, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat. Consists of bones, associated with cartilages, ligaments, and joints.

Front 25

Muscular system

Back 25

Produces body movements, maintains posture, and produces body heat. Consists of muscles attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Front 26

Lymphatic system

Back 26

Removes foreign substances from the blood and lymph, combats disease, maintains tissue fluid balance, and absorbs fats from the digestive tract. Consists of the lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphatic organs.

Front 27

Respiratory system

Back 27

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and air and regulates blood pH. Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages.

Front 28

Digestive system

Back 28

Performs the mechanical and chemical processes of digestion, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes. Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

Front 29

Nervous system

Back 29

A major regulatory system that detects sensations and controls movements, physiological processes, and intellectual functions. Consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Front 30

Endocrine system

Back 30

A major regulatory system that influences metabolism, growth, reproduction, and many other functions. Consists of glands, such as the pituitary, that secrete hormones.

Front 31

Cardiovascular system

Back 31

Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout the body; plays a role in the immune response and the regulation of body temperature. Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Front 32

Urinary system

Back 32

Removes waste products from the blood and regulates blood pH, ion balance, and water balance. Consists of the kidneys, urinary bladder, and ducts that carry urine.

Front 33

Female reproductive system

Back 33

Produces oocytes and is the site of fertilization and fetal development, produces milk for the newborn; produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the ovaries, vagina, uterus, mammary glands, and associated structures.

Front 34

Male reproductive system

Back 34

Produces and transfers sperm cells to the female and produces hormones that influence sexual function and behaviors. Consists of the testes, accessory structures, ducts, and penis.

Front 35

Define "organization."

Back 35

The condition in which there are specific relationships and functions (atom → organism)

Front 36

Define "metabolism."

Back 36

All chemical reactions of the body.

Front 37

Define "responsiveness."

Back 37

The ability to sense changes and adjust.

Front 38

Define "growth."

Back 38

The increase in size and/or number of cells.

Front 39

Define "development."

Back 39

The changes in an organism over time.

Front 40

Define "differentiation."

Back 40

Change from general to specific structure.

Front 41

Define "morphogenesis."

Back 41

Change in shape of tissues and organs.

Front 42

Define "reproduction."

Back 42

New cells or new organisms.

Front 43

What is homeostasis?

Back 43

The body's ability to maintain a balance internal environment.

Front 44

What is a "set point."

Back 44

The ideal normal value of a variable.

Front 45

What is the set point for body temperature?

Back 45

98.6°F or 37°C

Front 46

What are the two types of feedback systems? Which is more common?

Back 46

Negative and positive.
Negative feedback is more common.

Front 47

What are the components of a feedback system?

Back 47

1. Receptor
2. Control center
3. Effector

Front 48

Define "receptor."

Back 48

Monitors the value of some variable.

Front 49

Define "control center."

Back 49

Establishes the set point.

Front 50

Define "effector."

Back 50

Can change the value of the variable

Front 51

Define "stimulus."

Back 51

Deviation from the set point; detected by the receptor.

Front 52

Define "response."

Back 52

Produced by the effector.

Front 53

What is positive feedback?

Back 53

When a deviation occurs, the response is to make the deviation greater.

Front 54

Is positive feedback usual in normal healthy individuals? Why or why not?

Back 54

No, it's unusual. It may lead away from homeostasis and can result in death.

Front 55

What is an example of normal positive feedback?

Back 55

Childbirth (oxytocin).

Front 56

Why does blood pressure increase in response to increased exercise?

Back 56

To increase perfusion to the working muscles during exercise.

Front 57

Define "anatomical position."

Back 57

Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms face forward.

Front 58

Define "supine."

Back 58

Lying face upward.

Front 59

Define "prone."

Back 59

Lying face downward.

Front 60

Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal)

Back 60

Toward or away from the head.

Front 61

Medial vs. Lateral

Back 61

Relative to the midline.

Front 62

Proximal vs. Distal

Back 62

Used to describe linear structures.

Front 63

Superficial vs. Deep

Back 63

Relative to the surface of the body.

Front 64

Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

Back 64

Anterior is forward; posterior is toward the back.

Front 65

Median

Back 65

Through the midline

Front 66

Parasagittal

Back 66

Close to midline

Front 67

Sagittal

Back 67

Same plane, but to the left or right of median.

Front 68

Frontal/Coronal

Back 68

Divides body into anterior and posterior sections.

Front 69

Transverse/Cross-section

Back 69

Divides body into superior and inferior sections

Front 70

Oblique

Back 70

Other than at a right angle.

Front 71

Longitudinal

Back 71

Cut along the length of an organ

Front 72

Transverse/cross-section

Back 72

Cut at right angle to length of the organ

Front 73

Diaphragm

Back 73

Divides body cavity into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 74

Mediastinum

Back 74

Contains all structures of the thoracic cavity except the lungs.

Front 75

Define "serous membranes."

Back 75

Cover the organs of trunk cavities and line the cavity.

Front 76

Serous membranes: Pericardium

Back 76

Serous membranes associated with the heart.

Front 77

Serous membranes: pleura

Back 77

Serous membranes associated with the lungs in thoracic cavity.

Front 78

Serous membranes: Peritoneum

Back 78

Serous membranes associated with the abdominopelvic cavity.