Chap 14. Q & A. Politics Of Globalization

Front 1

Freedom from certain abuses by the government, such as discrimination, are considered

Back 1

Proscriptive rights

Front 2

Which of the following are most likely to contend that no single standard of human rights exists?

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Relativists

Front 3

Concern for and application of international human rights principles is

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A relatively new process that did not exist a few decades ago

Front 4

In some countries the use of ultrasound technology during pregnancy has

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Resulted in increased abortions of female fetuses.

Front 5

Which of the following best describes the status of child labor?

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Currently 246 million children are working, and many of them are engaged in hazardous work.

Front 6

One recent effort by indigenous peoples has been their attempt to

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Protect their traditional home areas politically and environmentally

Front 7

Which state allows the largest number of refugees to immigrate?

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The United States

Front 8

All of the following conditions contribute to the international shortage of food except

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Decreasing crop yields

Front 9

The International Fund for Agricultural Development is dedicated to what purpose?

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Creating environmentally sustainable agricultural development projects in rural areas of the poorest LDCs

Front 10

According to the text, how has the spread of AIDS affected children?

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Millions of children are infected with the virus, dying from the virus, or orphaned owing to their parents’ dying from the virus

Front 11

Freedom from specific abuses, restrictions, or discrimination
Things that the government cannot do to groups, such as discriminate based on race, ethnicity, gender, or other inherent demographic characteristics

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Proscriptive Rights

Front 12

Basic necessities that a society and its government are arguably prescribed (obligated) to try diligently to assure; certain qualitative standards of life for everyone in the community
Include adequate education, nutrition, housing, sanitation, health care

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Prescriptive Rights

Front 13

Human rights are derived from sources external to society
Belief in a single prevailing set of standards that are immutable
Sources include theological or ideological doctrine

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Universalists

Front 14

Positivist approach claiming that rights are a product of a society’s contemporary values
Belief that no single standard of human rights exists
Rights are not timeless; they reflect changes in social norms

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Relativists;
Culturally Based Rights

Front 15

Non-Western position (cultural relativism) criticizes the UDHR for promoting values, such as individualism and democracy, that are not a part of other cultures
Cultural imperialism
Disputes among countries of similar heritage and even within countries
Death penalty issues

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Front 16

Freedom from specific abuses or restrictions
Negative rights

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Individual Human Rights

Front 17

The right to have a quality of life that does not detract from human dignity
Galtung's definition of basic human needs (survival needs, well-being needs, identity needs, and freedom needs)
Positive rights

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Community Rights

Front 18

Many countries are still highly oppressive
Yet progress has been made within the United Nations and through international treaties
Important work done by NGOs

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Human Rights: Problems and Progress

Front 19

State claims to sovereignty

Political selectivity

Varying cultural standards

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Barriers to Progress on Human Rights

Front 20

Women are an economic-political-social minority
Women are the largest of all minority groups
Women's issues becoming more prominent
Compared with men, there are disparities in jobs, professional status, literacy, poverty rates
Abuses sanctioned by law or ignored (de facto slavery, prostitution, genital mutilation)
Religious justifications in some Muslim societies (cultural relativism)

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Womens Rights

Front 21

_________ women make up only about 16% of national legislatures

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Politically

Front 22

_________ women constitute approximately 70% of all those living below the poverty line in their respective countries

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Economically

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______________ women are less likely to be literate or to go on to secondary education

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Socially

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Women experience war much differently and sometimes more violently than do men
Women’s bodies are often a battleground
Women and children make up a substantial majority of refugees

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Women, Armed Conflict, and Abuse

Front 25

Prevalence of domestic violence in most societies
Sex-selective abortions and the neglect of infant girls
Female genital mutilation (FGM)
Sex slaves and trafficking; abuse of domestic servants
Pervasive economic, social, and political discrimination

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Women, Society, and Abuse

Front 26

International Decade for Women 1975–1985
UN Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Fourth World Conference on Women (WCW), Beijing 1995
International Criminal Court charter: pledges to stop crimes against humanity and includes a number of women's issues

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Women’s Rights: Progress

Front 27

No political or economic power
Suffer from a range of abuses (inadequate nutrition and schooling, sexual exploitation)
8.4 million children involved in “unconditional worst forms of child labor”
Includes internationally trafficked children, forced and bonded labor, armed conflict, prostitution and pornography, and illicit activities, such as drug sales

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Children’s Rights

Front 28

International efforts have only recently begun
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
UN Convention on the Rights of the Child
World Congress against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children
Nationalism and parochialism impede international efforts

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Children’s Rights: Progress

Front 29

Examples: South Africa, Rwanda, former Yugoslavia, Darfur
Ethnic and racial identification are the key components of the tensions and conflict that make nationalism one of, in not the most, divisive elements of human politics
“We-they complex”
Racism, anti-Semitism

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Oppression is pervasive

Front 30

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
Rights are also included in major human rights documents

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Specific international agreements

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World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerance (WCAR), 2001

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Series of international conferences

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Case of South Africa

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Group Rights: Progress

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The world’s 370 million indigenous people live in socioeconomic circumstances that are below those of the nonnative population of their country (for example, Mayas in Mexico)

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Problems; The Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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1993, International Year of the Indigenous Peoples
1995–2004, International Decade of the Indigenous Peoples
UN Economic and Social Council established the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII)

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Progress; The Rights of Indigenous Peoples

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Driven by war and economic deprivation
19.2 million refugees in 2005
Prejudice and anti-immigration sentiment

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Problems; Refugee and Migrant Workers’ Rights

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Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951)
Least widely ratified UN human rights treaty
UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
International Organization for Migration (IOM)

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Progress; Refugee and Migrant Workers’ Rights

Front 37

Often less recognized or enumerated in the legal structure of countries or in international law
Involves preserving and enhancing human dignity by protecting and improving the physical condition of humans
Right to adequate nutrition
Right to a reasonable standard of health
Right to a basic education

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Prescriptive Human Rights

Front 38

World’s population will eventually outpace the world’s agricultural carrying capacity

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Thomas Malthus

Front 39

Short-term food supply
Long-term adequacy of food supply
Crop yields (green revolution)

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Two basic food problems

Front 40

Population growth

Maldistribution

Inadequate nutritional content

Political strife

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Causes of the Food Problem

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UN's World Food Programme (WFP)
Specific nutritional needs

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Emergency Food Aid; International Response to the Food Problem

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1974 World Food Conference
1996 World Food Summit

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World Food Conferences; International Response to the Food Problem

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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)

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Agricultural Development; International Response to the Food Problem

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Issues of inadequate medical care in LDCs and LLDCs
High rates of infant mortality and disease among children
World Health Organization (WHO)
Successes of WHO
Problems and new threats
The speed of global spread of disease

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Adequate Health Standards

Front 45

Primarily a national responsibility
UNESCO programs
Gender gap in education
Children receiving only a few years of primary school in developing countries

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Basic Education