Ch 9: Cliffs

Front 1

equation for photsynthesis

Back 1

light + 6H20 + 6CO2 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Front 2

generic form for carbs

Back 2

CH20 or (CH20)n

Front 3

definition of a pigment

Back 3

any molecule that is able to absorb the energy from light only within a narrow range of wavelengths

Front 4

pigments in photosynthesis
(name and color)

Back 4

chlorophyll a & b (green)
carotenoids (red, orange or yellow)

Front 5

energy absorbed by these two special pigments
(name and wavelength)

Back 5

chlorophyll a molecules
P680 and P700

Front 6

Pigments for each Photosystem

Back 6

PSII:P680

PSI: P700

Front 7

Photophosphorylation (def)
LIGHT REACTION

Back 7

the process of making ATp from ADP and Pi( Phtophorylation) using energy derived from light

Front 8

Photophosphorylation
Step 1

Back 8

*e- trapped by P680 in PSII are energized
*2e- gain E

Hint 8

PS II

Front 9

Photophosphorylation
Step 2

Back 9

*2e- passed to primary electron acceptor

Hint 9

primary e- acceptor

Front 10

Photophosphorylation
Step 3

Back 10

*e- passed through electron transport chain
*e-s loos E
*ferredoxin, cytochrome, non proteins containing iron

Hint 10

e- trans chain

Front 11

Photophosphorylation
Step 4

Back 11

*E given off in e-trans chain used to convert ADp to ATP
*about 1.5 ATP

Hint 11

phosphorylation

Front 12

Photophosphorylation
Step 5

Back 12

*PSI
*e- reenergized and passed to a diff primary electron acceptor

Hint 12

PS I

Front 13

Photophosphorylation
Step 6

Back 13

*2e- combine with NADP+ & H+ to make NADPH (coenzyme)

Hint 13

NADPH

Front 14

Photophosphorylation
Step 7

Back 14

*2e- from PSII are in NADPH
*H2) splits and gives back e-s to PSII
*a manganese containing protein complex catalyzes the reaction

Hint 14

Photolysis

Front 15

Light Reaction EQU

Back 15

H20 + ADP + Pi + NADP+ + light ----> ATP + NADPH + O2 + H+

Front 16

cyclic photophosphorylation

Back 16

*energized e- from PS I join with protein carrier and generate APT as they pass long the e- trans chain
* e- return to PS I
*primitive form of photosynthesis

Front 17

Calvin (Benson) Cycle
Carbon Reduction Cycle
Light Dependent Rxn
Dark Rxn

Back 17

*fixes CO2
*produces glucose
*repeated 6 times using 6 CO2 molecules

Front 18

Calvin Cycle
Step 1
Carboxylation

Back 18

*6 CO2 combine with 6 RuBP to produce 12 PGA

Front 19

Calvin Cycle
Step 2
Reduction

Back 19

* 12 ATP and 12 NADPH are used to convert 12 PGA to 12 PGAL
(ADP,Pi, and NADP+ are released then re energized in non cyclic photophosphorylation

Front 20

Calvin Cycle
Step 3
Regeneration

Back 20

*6 ATP are used to convert 10 PGAL to 6 RuBP
(reenergizes allowign the cycle to repeat)

Front 21

Calvin Cycle
Step 4
Carbohydrate synthesis

Back 21

*2 remaing PGAL from step 2 are use dto buil glucose (or frutose or maltose)

Front 22

Dark Equation

Back 22

6CO2 + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + H+ ----> 18 ADP + 18 Pi + 12NADP+ + 1 glucose

Front 23

Organelle where light and dark rxm occur
(sectin for each rxn)

Back 23

chloroplasts

light: phylacoids
dark: stroma

Front 24

stroma (def)

Back 24

outside phospholipid bilayer membrane enclosign liquid

contain enzymes for dark rxm

Front 25

thylacoid (def)

Back 25

membrane layers in chloroplast

contain light absorbign pigmetns and enzymes

Front 26

granum (def)

Back 26

stack of thlacoids

Front 27

Chemiosmotic Theory

Back 27

describes the mechanism by which ADP is phorphorylated to ATP

Front 28

Chemiosmosis
Step 1

Back 28

H+ ion accumulatre inside thylacoids

photolysis-H_ created go inside the thylacoid
H+ also come from stroma

Front 29

Chemiosmosis
Step 2

Back 29

A pH and electrical gradient across the thylacoid membrane is created

H+ causes and increase in Ph and positive E

Front 30

Chemiosmosis
Step 3

Back 30

ATP synthase generate ATP

ATP allows for H+ to flow through the thylakoid membrane and out to the stroma
passage of H+ give E for ADP-->ATP
3H+ for 1 ATP

Front 31

most common protein
2 fixes

Back 31

rubisco
fixes CO2 adn O2

Front 32

phtorespiration

Back 32

fixation of O2

probs: CO2 fixign reduced & O2+RuBP doesn't make glucose

Front 33

peroxisomes

Back 33

near chlorplasts to break down products of phtoresporation

Front 34

mesophyll cells
C4

Back 34

absobs C03

Front 35

C4 Photosynthesis

Back 35

CO2 combines with PEP to form OAA
(fixing enzyme: PEP carboxylase)
OAA is converted into malate
malatate converted into pyruvate adn CO2
pyruvate back to mesophyll cells where converted back to PEP

Front 36

bundle sheath cells
C4

Back 36

malate converted into pyruvate adn CO2

Front 37

why C02 to bundle sheath cells?
C4

Back 37

increase the efficency of phtosynthesis

BSC dont come in contact with intercellular space-very little O2 reaches them
CO2 to BSC allows rubisco to fix it adn not O2 instead

Front 38

C4 climate adn why

Back 38

hot dry
reduce the time that the stomatat are open, reduces H20 loss

Front 39

CAM
4 diff btw CAM and C4

Back 39

1) OAA to malic acid (not malate)
2)malic acid to vacuole (not BSC)
3) stromata open at night.
4) Stromata clsoe durign day (malic acid out of vacuole adn converted abck to OAA)

Front 40

CAM, y day v night?

Back 40

photosynthesis still occurs in day, tbu wtih stromata close reducing H20 loss