Ch. 2: Cell Structures & Their Functions

Front 1

the basic and functional unit of life

Back 1

cell

Front 2

forms the outer boundary of the cell

Back 2

plasma membrane

Front 3

each performs specific functions in a cell

Back 3

cellular organelles

Front 4

contains the cell's genetic material and directs cell activities

Back 4

nucleus

Front 5

the material between the plasma membrane and nucleus

Back 5

cytoplasm

Front 6

What are the four cell functions?

Back 6

1. metabolize and release energy

2. synthesize molecules

3. provide a means of communication

4. reproduction and inheritance

Front 7

What are the 5 functions of the plasma membrane?

Back 7

1. encloses cell

2. supports cell contents

3. regulates what goes in and out of the cell (selective barrier)

4. plays a role in communication between cells

5. separates intracellular substances from extracellular substances

Front 8

double layer of lipids with imbedded, dispersed proteins

Back 8

lipid bilayer

Front 9

What is the role of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?

Back 9

gives the membrane added strength and flexibility

Front 10

What are the 5 functions of membrane proteins?

Back 10

1. marker molecules

2. attachment proteins

3. transport proteins

4. receptor proteins

5. enzymes

Front 11

the movement of a solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration within a solvent

Back 11

diffusion

Front 12

any mixture of liquids, gases, or solids in which the substances are uniformly distributed with no clear boundary between teh substances

Back 12

solution

Front 13

dissolves in a solvent to form a solution

Back 13

solute

Front 14

the concentration difference between two points divided by the distance between those two points

Back 14

concentration gradient

Front 15

Which molecules diffuse through the membrane?

Back 15

lipid-soluble molecules

Front 16

the diffusion of a solvent (water) across a selectively permeable membrane via diffusion through an aquaporin or lipid bilayer

Back 16

osmosis

Front 17

the force required to prevent the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 17

osmotic pressure

Front 18

solution that has the same concentration of solute particles as a reference solution

Back 18

isosmotic

Front 19

solution that has a greater concentration of solute particles than a reference solution

Back 19

hyperosmotic

Front 20

solution that has a lesser concentration of solute particle than a reference solution

Back 20

hyposmotic

Front 21

a solution with a low solute concentration that results in swelling of the RBC

Back 21

hypotonic

Front 22

a solution with a concentration of solutes equal o that inside the cells that results in a normal shaped RBC

Back 22

isotonic

Front 23

a solution with a high solute concentration that results in crenation of a RBC

Back 23

hypertonic

Front 24

crenation

Back 24

shrinkage of a red blood cell

Front 25

process by which transport proteins mediate the movement of ions and molecules across the plasma membrane

Back 25

mediated transport

Front 26

What are 3 characteristics of mediated transport?

Back 26

specificity: selectiveness

competition: similar molecules or ions compete for a transport protein

saturation: rate of transport cannot increase because all transport proteins are in use

Front 27

transport protein that forms membrane channels

Back 27

channel proteins

Front 28

transport proteins that bind to ions or molecules and transport them

Back 28

carrier proteins

Front 29

What are the three carrier proteins?

Back 29

uniport

symport

antiport

Front 30

a carrier protein that moves an ion or molecule down is concentration gradient via facilitated diffusion

Back 30

uniport

Front 31

a carrier protein that moves two or more ions or molecules in the same direction

Back 31

symport

Front 32

a carrier protein that moves two or more ions or molecules in opposite directions

Back 32

antiport

Front 33

move ions or molecules against their concentration gradient using the energy from ATP

Back 33

ATP-powered pumps

Front 34

uses the energy of one substance moving down its concentration gradient to move another substance across the plasma membrane

Back 34

secondary active transport

Front 35

transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes

Back 35

vesicular transport

Front 36

the movement of materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle

Back 36

endocytosis

Front 37

the movement of solid material into cells

Back 37

phagocytosis

Front 38

the uptake of small droplets of liquids and the materials in them

Back 38

pinocytosis

Front 39

involves plasma membrane receptors attaching to molecules that are then taken into the cell

Back 39

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 40

the secretion of material from cells by vesicle formation

Back 40

exocytosis

Front 41

supports the cell and enables cell movements

Back 41

cytoskeleton

Front 42

provide support, aid in cell division, and are components of organelles

Back 42

microtubules

Front 43

support the plasma membrane and define the shape of the cell

Back 43

actin filaments

Front 44

provide mechnical support to the cell

Back 44

intermediate filaments

Front 45

aggregates of chemicals either produced by the cell or taken in by the cell

Back 45

cytoplasmic inclusions

Front 46

specialized subcellular structures with specific functions

Back 46

cytoplasmic organelles

Front 47

consists of two seperate membranes and nuclear pores and encloses the nucleoplasm, which contains essential solutes

Back 47

nuclear envelope

Front 48

the hereditary material of the cell; controls the activites of the cell

Back 48

DNA

Front 49

how DNA is organized between cell divisions

Back 49

chromatin

Front 50

formed during cell division when the chromatin condenses into duplicate chromatids connected by a centromere

Back 50

chromosomes

Front 51

dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus where rRNA is produced

Back 51

nucleoli

Front 52

sites of protein synthesis

Back 52

ribosomes

Front 53

a network of membranes with attached ribosomes that produce proteins that are secreted from the cell; major site of protein synthesis

Back 53

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Front 54

series of membranes forming sacs and tubules that extend from the outer nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm

Back 54

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 55

major site of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

Back 55

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 56

series of closely packed membranous sacs that collect, package, and distribute proteins and lipids produced by the ER

Back 56

golgi apparatus

Front 57

small, membrane-bound sacs that transport material from the golgi apparatus to the exterior of the cell

Back 57

secretory vesicles

Front 58

spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes

Back 58

lysosomes

Front 59

What are the 5 functions of lysosomes?

Back 59

1. digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins

2. degrade nonfucntional organelles

3. breakdown glycogen and release thyroid hormone

4. breakdown non-useful tissue

5. breakdown bone to release calcium

Front 60

Where are lysosomes found?

Back 60

leukocytes, immunes cells, and melanocytes

Front 61

membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases

Back 61

peroxisomes

Front 62

What are the 3 functions of peroxisomes?

Back 62

1. breakdown fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

2. detoxify harmful or toxic substances

3. neutralize dangerous free radicals

Front 63

highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons

Back 63

free radicals

Front 64

the major site of the production of ATP via aerobic cellular respiration; have their own DNA and two membranes and can replicate independantly of the cell

Back 64

mitochondria

Front 65

cylindrical organelles located in the centrosome

Back 65

centrioles

Front 66

a specialized zone of the cytoplasm that is the site of microtubule formation

Back 66

centrosome

Front 67

microtubules that extend out in all directions from the centrosome and are involved in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

Back 67

spindle fibers

Front 68

move substances over the surface of cells

Back 68

cilia

Front 69

propel sperm cells

Back 69

flagella

Front 70

increase the surface area of a cell and aid in absorption and secretion

Back 70

microvilli

Front 71

segments of DNA carrying instructions for a polypeptide chain

Back 71

genes

Front 72

coding for an amino acid that forms the genetic library

Back 72

triplet

Front 73

carries the genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm

Back 73

mRNA (messanger RNA)

Front 74

bind to amino acids base pair with the codons of mRNA at the ribosome to begin the process of protein synthesis

Back 74

tRNA (transfer RNA)

Front 75

a structural component of ribosomes

Back 75

rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Front 76

an enzyme that oversees the synthesis of RNA: unwinds the DNA, adds complementary ribonucleoside triphosphates, joins the RNA nucleotides together, encodes a termination signal

Back 76

RNA polymerase

Front 77

modifies mRNA before it leaves the nucleus by removing introns (non-coding) and then splicing exons (coding) together with spliceosomes

Back 77

posttranscriptional processing

Front 78

mRNA that consists of only exons

Back 78

functions mRNA

Front 79

produces different combination of exons, allowing one gene to produce more than one type of protein

Back 79

alternative splicing

Front 80

a set of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid during translation

Back 80

codon

Front 81

part of the tRNA that consist of three nucleotides complementary to a particular codon or mRNA

Back 81

anticodon

Front 82

What does mRNA travel through to get to the ribosomes?

Back 82

nuclear pores

Front 83

cell division that produces new cells from growth and tissue repair

Back 83

mitosis

Front 84

cell division that produces gametes

Back 84

meiosis

Front 85

sex cells

Back 85

gametes

Front 86

two pairs of chromosomes (somatic cell)

Back 86

diploid

Front 87

one pair of chromosomes (gametes)

Back 87

haploid

Front 88

How many chromosome PAIRS in a human?

Back 88

23

Front 89

During what phase of the cell cycle does DNA replicate?

Back 89

interphase

Front 90

the time between cell divisions in a cell cycle

Back 90

interphase

Front 91

the point in the cell cycle where chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear, and the centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell

Back 91

prophase

Front 92

the point in the cell cycle where chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers

Back 92

metaphase

Front 93

the point in the cell cycle where chromatids separate into chromosomes and move toward the centrioles

Back 93

anaphase

Front 94

the point in the cell cycle where migration of each set of chromosomes is complete and a nuclear envelop forms again, leading to cytokinesis and the formation of two cells

Back 94

telophase

Front 95

the process by which cells develop specialized structures and functions; results from the selective activation and inactivation of segments of DNA in each different cell type

Back 95

differentiation