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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tissues |
groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function
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tissues
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groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function |
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1. nervous 2. muscle 3. epithelial 4. connective |
4 types of tissues
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nervous tissue
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tissue type responsible for internal communication; "controls" |
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muscle tissue
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tissue type that contracts to cause movement; "produces movement" |
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epithelial tissue |
tissue type that forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters; "covers" |
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connective tissue
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tissue type that supports, protects, binds other tissues together; "supports" |
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histology |
the study of tissues |
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1. fixed (preserved) 2. sectioned (sliced) 3. stained |
3 steps before a specimen can be observed with a microscope |
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artifacts
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minor distortions of preserved tissue on a microscopic slide |
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1. covering/lining 2. glandular |
2 main classes of epithelial tissue |
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covering and lining epithelium
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main class of epithelium forming the outer layer of the skin; lines open cavities; covers walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity |
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glandular epithelium
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main class of epithelium that forms the glands of the body |
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1. polarity 2. specialized contacts 3. supported by connective tissue 4. avascular but innervated 5. regeneration |
5 special characteristics of epithelium |
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1. apical surface 2. basal surface |
2 surfaces of all epithelia: |
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apical surface
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an upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ |
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basal surface
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a lower attached surface of epithelia |
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brush border
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dense area of microvilli |
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basal lamina
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thin, noncellular supporting sheet below the epithelium that acts as a filter for molecules entering from below |
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reticular lamina
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layer of connective tissue deep to the basal lamina containing collagen protein |
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basement membrane
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reinforces the epithelial sheet, resists stretching, and defines the epithelial boundary; includes the basal lamina and reticular lamina |
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avascular
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containing no blood vessels |
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innervated
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supplied by nerve fibers
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1. simple 2. stratified |
2 types of epithelial layers |
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1. squamous 2. cuboidal 3. columnar |
3 types of epithelial cells |
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simple epithelia
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epithelia found where absorption, filtration, and secretion occur; consist of a single layer |
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stratified epithelia
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epithelia found in high-abrasion areas, where protection is important; consist of two or more cell layers stacked |
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squamous cells
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flattened and scalelike epithelial cells; diffusion and filtration |
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cuboidal cells
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boxlike epithelial cells; secretion and absorption |
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columnar cells
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tall and column shaped epithelial cells; secretion and absorption, often contain cilia and microvilli |
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1. simple squamous epithelium 2. simple cuboidal epithelium 3. simple columnar epithelium 4. pseudostratified columnar epithelium 5. stratified squamous epithelium 6. stratified cuboidal epithelium 7. stratified columnar epithelium 8. transitional epithelium |
8 types of epithelium |
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simple squamous epithelium
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thin and permeable epithelium found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority
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1. endothelium 2. mesothelium |
2 special types of simple squamous epithelium |
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endothelium
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special type of simple squamous epithelium providing a slick, friction-reducing surface in lymphatic and blood vessels |
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mesothelium
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special type of simple squamous epithelium found in serous membranes
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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epithelium that secretes and absorbs, found in smallest gland ducts and in many kidney tubules |
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simple columnar epithelium
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epithelium lining the digestive tract, mostly concerned with absorption and secretion; often contain microvilli and tubular glands |
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pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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epithelium that secretes substances, particularly mucus; nuclei lie on different levels |
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stratified squamous epithelium
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most widespread stratified epithelium, found in areas subject to wear and tear; external part of the skin and body openings
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stratified cuboidal epithelium
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rare epithelium found in some of the larger glands
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stratified columnar epithelium
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rare epithelium found in the pharynx, male urethra, and some glandular ducts
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transitional epithelium
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epithelium forming the lining of hollow urinary organs that stretch
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gland
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consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product; contain many Golgi complexes (for secretion) |
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secretion
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an aqueous fluid produced by glands |
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1. endocrine 2. exocrine |
2 classes of glands (by location)
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endocrine glands
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internally secreting glands; ductless
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exocrine glands
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glands that secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities |
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1. unicellular 2. multicellular |
2 classes of glands (by number of cells) |
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unicellular exocrine glands
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single-celled glands sprinkled throughout the intestinal and respiratory tracts amid columnar cells with other functions |
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mucin
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complex glycoprotein secreted by unicellular glands that dissolves in water and becomes mucus |
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goblet cells
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cuplike exocrine glands in the intestinal tract that secrete mucin |
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mucous cells
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unicellular exocrine glands of the respiratory tract |
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multicellular glands |
exocrine glands with both a duct and a secretory unit (acinus)
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1. simple 2. compound |
2 main types of multicellular exocrine glands |
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simple glands |
exocrine glands with a single, unbranched duct |
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compound glands |
exocrine glands with branched ducts |
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1. tubular 2. alveolar (acinar) 3. tubuloalveolar |
3 types of multicellular exocrine glands (by cell shape) |
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tubular
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tube-shaped secretory cells of a multicellular exocrine gland
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alveolar (acinar) |
sac-shaped secretory cells of a multicellular exocrine gland
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tubuloalveolar
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multicellular exocrine gland with both tube- and sac-shaped secretory cells
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1. merocrine 2. holocrine 3. apocrine |
3 modes of secretion of multicellular exocrine glands
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merocrine glands
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multicellular exocrine glands that secrete their products by exocytosis as they're produced; ex. pancreas, sweat glands, salivary glands |
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holocrine glands |
multicellular exocrine glands that accumulate their products within them until they rupture; sebaceous (oil) glands of the skin
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apocrine glands
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multicellular exocrine glands that accumulate their products just beneath the surface before pinching off; uncommon in humans
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connective tissue
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the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues |
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1. connective tissue proper 2. cartilage 3. bone 4. blood |
4 main classes of connective tissue
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1. support 2. protection 3. insulation 4. fuel storage 5. transportation |
5 major functions of connective tissue |
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1. common origin (mesenchyme) 2. degrees of vascularity 3. extracellular matrix |
3 common characteristics of connective tissue |
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mesenchyme
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common embryonic origin of connective tissues |
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extracellular matrix
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consists of ground substance and fibers; connective tissue is mainly comprised of this
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1. ground substance 2. fibers 3. cells |
3 main elements of connective tissue |
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ground substance
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unstructured material that fills the space between connective tissue cells and contains the fibers
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1. interstitial fluid 2. cell adhesion proteins 3. proteoglycans |
3 components of ground substance |
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1. collagen 2. elastic 3. reticular |
3 types of connective tissue fibers
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collagen fibers
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provide high tensile strength to connective tissue matrix; strongest and most abundant of the three fibers |
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elastic fibers
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long, thin fibers that helps connective tissue retain its normal length and shape; "rubber band"
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reticular fibers
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short fibers that surround small blood vessels and support soft tissue organs; fuzzy "nets"
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1. fibroblasts (connective) 2. chondroblasts (cartilage) 3. osteoblasts (bone) 4. hemopoietic stem cell (blood) |
4 main immature cell types in the connective tissue |
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1. fat cells 2. white blood cells 3. mast cells 4. macrophages |
4 additional cell types found in connective tissue |
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fat cells
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cells that store nutrients in connective tissue |
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white blood cells
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cells that respond to injury in connective tissue
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mast cells
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cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate inflammatory response in the connective tissue |
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1. heparin 2. histamine 3. proteases |
3 types of mast cells |
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macrophages
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large cells that phagocytize foreign materials in connective tissue
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1. loose 2. dense |
2 classes of connective tissue proper |
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1. areolar 2. adipose 3. reticular |
3 types of loose connective tissue |
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areolar connective tissue
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supports and binds other tissues, holds body fluids, defends against infection, stores nutrients (fat)
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edema
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areolar tissue in an inflamed area soaks up excess fluids like a sponge, becoming swollen and puffy
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adipose tissue
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tissue that stores nutrients, used for insulation; similar to areolar tissue |
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adipocytes
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form 90% of adipose tissue; store nutrients |
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brown adipose tissue
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special form of adipose tissue that heats the blood stream using lipid fuels; more common in babies |
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reticular connective tissue
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tissue resembling areolar connective tissue that houses reticular cells; in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow
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stroma
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internal framework that supports many free blood cells (mostly lymphocytes) in reticular connective tissue
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1. dense regular 2. dense irregular 3. elastic |
3 types of dense connective tissue
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dense regular
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connective tissue containing closely packed bundles of collagen fibers; flexible with great resistance to tensions |
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dense irregular
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connective tissue with thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged irregularly; found where tension is exerted from many different directions
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elastic connective tissue
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very elastic tissue found in certain ligaments (such as the vertebrae) |
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cartilage
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tough but flexible connective tissue; stands up to tension and compression; avascular and no nerve fibers |
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chondrocytes
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mature cartilage cells
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1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage |
3 types of cartilage
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hyaline cartilage
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most abundant cartilage; provides firm support with some pliability |
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elastic cartilage
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cartilage with many elastic fibers; similar to hyaline cartilage; ex. external ear and epiglottis |
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fibrocartilage
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cartilage found where the ability to withstand heavy pressure is required; ex. intervertebral discs, knee minisci |
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osseous tissue (bone) |
rocklike connective tissue that supports and protects body structures |
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inorganic calcium salts
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element that makes bone harder and more rigid |
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blood
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fluid connective tissue that transports nutrients, wastes, and gases in the cardiovascular system |
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muscle tissue
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highly cellular, well-vascularized tissue responsible for body movement and propulsion |
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myofilament
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elaborate filament that brings about movement or contraction |
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1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth |
3 types of muscle tissue |
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skeletal muscle
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muscle tissue attached to bones, contract to cause body movements
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muscle fibers
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long, cylindrical skeletal muscle cells
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cardiac muscle
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muscle tissue found in the walls of the heart that help propel blood; uninucleate and branching |
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intercalated discs |
unique junctions in cardiac muscle |
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smooth muscle
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muscle tissue found mainly in the walls of hollow organs; no visible striations
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voluntary muscle
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muscle tissues under our conscious control
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involuntary muscle
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muscle tissues that we cannot consciously control
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nervous tissue
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tissue that controls and regulates body functions; in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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1. neurons 2. supporting cells |
2 main cell types found in nervous tissue |
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neurons
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nerve cells that respond to stimuli and transmit electrical impulses |
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supporting cells
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nerve cells that support, insulate, and protect the neurons
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1. cutaneous 2. mucous 3. serous |
3 types of covering and lining membranes |
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cutaneous membrane
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membrane including the skin |
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mucous membranes
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membrane lining all body cavities that open to the outside of the body; digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts
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lamina propria
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layer of loose connective tissue that lies under mucous membranes |
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serous membranes
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moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities
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pleura |
serous membrane lining the thoracic wall and lungs |
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pericardium
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serous membrane enclosing the heart |
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peritoneum
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serous membrane enclosing the abdominopelvic viscera |
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1. regeneration 2. fibrosis |
2 forms of tissue repair |
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regeneration |
damaged tissue is repaired with the same type of tissue |
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fibrosis |
damaged tissue is replaced with fibrous connective tissue (scar tissue) |
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1. inflammation 2. organization 3. regeneration / fibrosis |
3 steps of tissue repair |
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granulation tissue
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a delicate pink tissue that forms as tissue repair begins |
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1. tissue type 2. severity of damage 3. blood supply 4. overall health |
4 factors affecting tissue repair |
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cardia muscle, nervous tissue |
tissue that never regenerates |
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skeletal muscle, cartilage |
tissues with weak regenerative ability |
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smooth muscle, dense regular connective tissue |
tissues with limited regenerative ability |
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bone, loose connective tissue |
tissues with good regenerative ability |
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epithelium |
tissue with excellent regenerative ability |
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primary germ layers
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first layers formed during embryonic development |
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1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm |
3 primary germ layers |
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endoderm |
germ layer that develops into inner lining of the digestive system, and epithelium |
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mesoderm |
germ layer that develops into muscle and connective tissue, and epithelium |
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ectoderm |
germ layer that develops into nervous tissue, and epithelium |
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Name - simple squamous epithelium Function - diffusion and filtration Location - glomeruli, air sacs (lungs), vessels |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - simple cuboidal epithelium Function - secretion and absorption Location - kidney tubules, small glands |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - simple columnar epithelium Function - absorption, secretion of mucus and enzymes Location - digestive tract (nonciliated), small bronchi, uterus (ciliated) |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - pseudostratified columnar epithelium Function - secretion and propulsion of mucus Location - upper respiratory tract (ciliated), sperm ducts (nonciliated) |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - stratified squamous epithelium Function - protects underlying tissues Location - epidermis (keratinized); esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized) |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - transitional epithelium Function - stretches readily for urine Location - ureters, bladder, urethra |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - loose connective areolar Function - cushions organs, houses macrophages, holds fluid Location - under epithelia, packages organs, surrounds capillaries |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - loose connective adipose Function - fuel storage, insulation, protection Location - under skin, abdomen, around kidneys and eyeballs, breasts |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - loose connective reticular Function - internal skeleton supporting cells Location - lymphoid organs |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - dense connective regular Function - attaches muscles and bones, tensile strength in one direction Location - tendons, ligaments |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - dense connective irregular Function - tensile strength in many directions Location - fibrous capsules of organs and joints, dermis |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - dense connective elastic Function - tissue recoil after stretching, blood flow Location - large arteries, bronchial tubes, certain ligaments of the vertebral column |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - hyaline cartilage Function - support and reinforcement, resilient cushion Location - ends of long bones, ribs, nose, trachea, larynx, embryonic skeleton |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - elastic cartilage Function - maintains shape while allowing flexibility Location - external ear (pinna), epiglottis |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - fibrocartilage Function - great tensile strength absorbs compressive shock Location - intervertebral discs, knee joints |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - osseous tissue (bone) Function - support and protection, levers for muscles Location - bones |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - blood Function - transport substances Location - within blood vessels |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - skeletal muscle Function - movement, maniuplation, facial expression Location - muscles attached to bone or skin |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - cardiac muscle Function - propels blood Location - walls of the heart |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - smooth muscle Function - propels substances along passageways Location - walls of hollow organs |
Describe (name, function, location) |
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Name - nervous tissue Function - transmits electrical signals Location - brain, spinal cord, nerves |
Describe (name, function, location) |
