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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which of the following functions is associated with the blood? delivery of oxygen to tissue cells transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine maintenance of DNA content of egg cells transport of neurotransmitters across synapses electrical stimulation of the heart |
delivery of oxygen to tissue cells |
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If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised? maintenance of body temperature regulation of pH clot formation transport of ions protection against foreign substances |
maintenance of body temperature |
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Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____. a blood gas; blood clots the liquid portion of blood; the cells lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality the cellular portion of blood; acellular components mostly protein; the matrix |
the liquid portion of blood; the cells |
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The “buffy” coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of: platelets and leukocytes. leukocytes. platelets. erythrocytes. erythrocytes and leukocytes. |
platelets and leukocytes. |
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The total blood volume is ____ plasma. 50% 90% 75% 55% |
The total blood volume is ____ plasma. |
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The total blood volume in the average adult is about __________ in males and __________ in females. 4-5L; 5-6L 5-6L; 4-5L both are 4-5L both are 5-6L |
5-6L; 4-5L |
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The “buffy” coat of the middle layer of a centrifuged blood sample is composed of Platelets and leukocytes Leukocytes Platelets Erythrocytes Erythrocytes and leukocytes |
Platelets and leukocytes |
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Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? 1% 25% 46% 92% 98% |
92% |
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Which plasma protein is correctly matched to its function? fibrinogen - transport of fatty acids albumin - helps to fight infection globulin - transport and immunity globulin - blood clotting |
globulin - transport and immunity |
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The type of plasma protein that forms the threadlike proteins formed in blood clotting is ______. sodium. albumin. globulin. fibrinogen. fibrinolysis. |
Fibrinogen |
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The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the Thrombocytes. erythrocytes. leukocytes. platelets. RBCs. |
leukocytes |
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Which blood component is NOT correctly matched with its function? erythrocytes - transport oxygen leukocytes - protect against disease platelets - phagocytize bacteria plasma proteins - maintain blood osmotic pressure; involved in clotting monocytes - become macrophages |
platelets - phagocytize bacteria |
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Neutrophils of the blood are derived from a population of stem cells called Lymphoblasts. proerythroblasts. myeloblasts. megakaryoblasts. monoblasts. |
myeloblasts |
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Red blood cells will develop from proerythroblasts. monoblasts. myeloblasts. megakaryoblasts. lymphoblasts. |
proerythroblasts |
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An increase in hemoglobin increases the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues.
the quantity of plasma protein available for blood clotting. the leukocyte count. the body's immune response. the osmotic pressure of the blood. |
the ability of the blood to carry oxygen to various tissues. |
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Mr. Smith moved from a low altitude to a high altitude and experienced an increase in RBCs. Which of the following caused this increase? the lower temperature present at higher altitudes the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes the increased metabolic rate seen at higher altitudes the increased CO2 retention that occurs at high altitudes He exercised more. |
the lower oxygen concentration seen at higher altitudes |
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Most fetal hemoglobin has 2 alpha globins and 2 beta globins. 2 alpha globins and 2 gamma globins. 2 beta globins and 2 gamma globins. 4 alpha globins. |
2 alpha globins and 2 gamma globins. |
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When defective erythrocytes are broken down, They are removed from the blood by the lungs. bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin. their heme groups are converted into amino acids. their iron is excreted into the small intestine. their components cannot be recycled. |
bilirubin is formed from the breakdown of hemoglobin. |
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In adults, red blood cells are made in one place, spend most of their lifespan in another, and most are finally destroyed in yet another place. Which choice lists these locations in the correct chronological order? bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen bone marrow; spleen; blood vessels spleen; blood vessels; spleen blood vessels; spleen; bone marrow spleen; blood vessels; bone marrow |
bone marrow; blood vessels; spleen |
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Which of the following is an agranulocyte? eosinophil basophil neutrophil monocyte erythrocyte |
monocyte |
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Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description? neutrophils - most numerous WBCs basophils - release histamine lymphocytes - become macrophages monocytes - largest of the WBCs eosinophils - attack worm parasites |
lymphocytes - become macrophages |
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Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. are actually fragments of cells. play a role in preventing blood loss. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue All of these choices are correct. |
All of these choices are correct. |
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Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called _____________. progranulocytes plasma cells myelocytes megakaryocytes proerythroblasts |
megakaryocytes |
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Platelets play an important role in preventing blood loss by releasing heparin to aid in the formation of a platelet plug. promoting the formation of clots to seal off wounds in vessels. producing enzymes that destroy inflammatory chemicals. All of these are important functions of platelets |
promoting the formation of clots to seal off wounds in vessels. |
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As a platelet plug forms at an injury site platelets become activated and their cytoplasm: degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. degranulates as they release chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. becomes granular as they take up chemicals such as fibrinogen and prothrombin. |
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2. |
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During platelet plug formation platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels. activated platelets release fibrinogen. thrombin is released from endothelial cells. vitamin K production increases. platelets multiply. |
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels. |
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Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order in which they would be used for coagulation. (1) thrombin (2) fibrinogen (3) prothrombinase (4) activated factor XII |
4, 3, 1, 2 |
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Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation by blocking the binding of platelets to collagen. interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins. blocking the effects of serotonin. making the platelet surface less sticky. stimulating the release of heparin. |
interfering with the synthesis of prostaglandins. |
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Aspirin inhibits the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). promotes thromboxane synthesis. promotes prostaglandin synthesis. prevents hemorrhaging during delivery of a baby. |
inhibits the action of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). |
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The enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme converts arachidonic acid (a precursor molecule for eiconisoids) into a prostaglandin that can then be converted into thromboxane. Aspirin has been shown to be a COX-inhibitor. Knowing these facts, why is aspirin given as a preventative medication for those with cardiovascular diseases? Aspirin promotes COX and thromboxane synthesis and therefore promotes fibrinolysis for existing clots. By inhibiting COX, aspirin also inhibits thromboxane, and the breakdown for existing clots is increased. Aspirin reduces platelet activation. Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and therefore inhibits thromboxane synthesis. Aspirin acts by inhibiting prostaglandins; thus the blood becomes thinner. |
Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and therefore inhibits thromboxane synthesis. |
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If an expectant mother ingests aspirin near the end of pregnancy, thromboxane synthesis is inhibited and several effects are possible. Which of the following are possible outcomes? The mother can experience excessive bleeding after delivery. The baby can exhibit numerous localized hemorrhages called petechiae over the surface of its body. The infant, the mother, or both may die as a result of excessive bleeding. All of the answers are complications of aspirin ingestion during pregnancy. |
All of the answers are complications of aspirin ingestion during pregnancy. |
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In the extrinsic pathway, damaged tissues release Activated factor V. calcium. factor VII. thromboplastin (tissue factor III) factor XII. |
thromboplastin (tissue factor III) |
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Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence. (1) prothrombin → thrombin (2) fibrinogen → fibrin (3) activation of factor XII (4) formation of prothrombinase |
3, 4, 1, 2 |
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A person with type B blood has antigen A. has anti-A antibodies . will have a transfusion reaction if given type B blood. has anti-B antibodies. can receive type A blood. |
has anti-A antibodies . |
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Which blood type is considered the universal recipient? Type A Type B Type AB Type O |
Type AB |
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Each hemoglobin molecule has one heme group. contains two polypeptide chains. transports four oxygen molecules. has two iron atoms and two globin chains. transports one oxygen molecule. |
transports four oxygen molecules. |
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Type A blood |
Erythrocytes have surface antigen A |
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Type B blood |
Erythrocytes have surface antigen B |
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Type AB blood |
Erythrocytes have surface antigens A and B |
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Type O blood |
Erythrocytes have neither surface antigen A nor B |
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RhoGam injections are given to desensitize the fetus. activate fetal Rh antigens. protect the father. prevent sensitization of the mother. change the mother's blood type. |
prevent sensitization of the mother. |
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Hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) occurs when an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus. an Rh-positive woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus. an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-negative fetus. an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus. |
an Rh-negative woman is carrying an Rh-positive fetus. |
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The hematocrit is an estimate of blood flow/hour. the number of WBCs per mm3. the amount of hemoglobin by weight in the blood. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. the number of RBCs in the body. |
the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. |
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When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a: white blood cell differential count. red blood cell differential count. total cell count for red and white blood cells. blood typing. |
white blood cell differential count. |
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Which of the following is mismatched? aplastic anemia - bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes hemolytic anemia - increased destruction of erythrocytes pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body iron deficiency anemia - lack of iron absorption for erythropoiesis hemorrhagic anemia - loss of blood from the body |
pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body |
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Assuming a person has normal blood values, rank the following blood components from highest percentage to lowest percentage. WBCs, plasma, RBCs RBCs, WBCs, plasma plasma, RBCs, WBCs plasma, WBCs, RBCs WBCs, RBCs, plasma |
plasma, RBCs, WBCs |
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Which of the following is mismatched? aplastic anemia - bone marrow fails to produce erythrocytes hemolytic anemia - increased destruction of erythrocytes pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body iron deficiency anemia - lack of iron absorption for erythropoiesis hemorrhagic anemia - loss of blood from the body |
pernicious anemia - loss of blood from the body |
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A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in protection. elimination. maintenance. transportation. communication |
protection |
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Which type of material is NOT transported by the blood? blood gases nutrients lactic acid neurotransmitters hormones |
neurotransmitters |
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Blood consists of a matrix of plasma and cells; blood is a subtype of ______ tissue. epithelial glandular connective areolar |
connective |
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Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant? albumin globulins fibrinogen immunoglobulins hemoglobin |
albumin |
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Plasma is one of the formed elements. is the liquid matrix of the blood. transports waste products but not nutrients. accounts for less than half of the blood volume. is serum plus formed elements. |
is the liquid matrix of the blood. |
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Functions of plasma proteins include body temperature regulation. regulation of osmotic pressure. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. serving as a source of energy for metabolism. |
regulation of osmotic pressure. |
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Which of the following is NOT true of plasma? Plasma is about 91% water. Plasma is a colloid. Plasma volume can change drastically. The color of plasma is yellow. |
Plasma volume can change drastically. |
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Hemocytoblast stem cells are specialized cells. are found in yellow bone marrow. form branches of trees. are abundant in the plasma. give rise to all formed elements in the blood. |
give rise to all formed elements in the blood. |
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Which of the following is (are) associated with decreased hematopoiesis? hemorrhage vitamin B12 deficiency iron deficiency anemia restricted blood flow to the kidney both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia |
both vitamin B12 deficiency and iron deficiency anemia |
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Which of the following phrases is least likely to be used in describing erythrocytes? biconcave cells cells can change shape cytoplasm contains hemoglobin nucleus is centrally located main role is transporting blood gases |
nucleus is centrally located |
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Mature erythrocytes have a centrally located nucleus. are actually just cellular fragments. contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm. mature from cells called megakaryocytes. do not contain protein. |
contain hemoglobin in their cytoplasm. |
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Hemoglobin gives white blood cells their color. transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. is normally found in both the plasma and erythrocytes. catalyzes the reaction that forms carbonic acid. is only used once then decomposed. |
transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. |
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Approximately ______% of oxygen is transported in the blood bound to hemoglobin. The remaining oxygen is dissolved in plasma. 1.5% 7% 70% 98.5% |
98.5% |
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Which of the following is NOT a method of carbon dioxide transport in the blood? combined with hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma as bicarbonate ions in the plasma held in the depression of a red blood cell |
held in the depression of a red blood cell |
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What may be affected if the enzyme carbonic anhydrase was not made in the body? conversion of hemoglobin to oxyhemoglobin conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion transport of oxygen by hemoglobin hemolysis of red blood cells |
conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion |
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Which of the following is NOT a form of hemoglobin found in the developing human? adult embryonic adolescent fetal |
adolescent |
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What gas is also carried by a beta-globin that may help regulate blood pressure? carbon monoxide carbon dioxide nitrogen nitric oxide |
nitric oxide |
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The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called oxyhemoglobin. deoxyhemoglobin. carboxyhemoglobin. carbaminohemoglobin. loaded hemoglobin. |
oxyhemoglobin |
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Iron is needed to produce hemoglobin. is a plasma coagulation factor. is the binding site for carbon dioxide on the hemoglobin molecule. prevents carbon monoxide from binding to hemoglobin. interferes with the normal function of hemoglobin. |
is needed to produce hemoglobin. |
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Which of the following cell types is an immature red blood cell? erythrocyte reticulocyte thrombocyte monocyte leukocyte |
reticulocyte |
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Erythropoiesis does not require iron. vitamin B12. folate. vitamin K. All of these are required. |
vitamin K. |
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Which of the following would lead to increased erythropoiesis? increased environmental O2 levels increased erythropoietin levels increased blood pH increased blood pressure increased CO2 levels |
increased erythropoietin levels |
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Erythropoietin is a product of the kidney. inhibits the production of erythrocytes. is produced in response to increased blood pressure. is found both in the plasma and inside red blood cells. is produced by the red bone marrow. |
is a product of the kidney. |
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When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs? Urine output increases. Iron is secreted into the bile. Heme is transported by transferrin to the liver. The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. Bile is manufactured by the gall bladder. |
The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. |
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Which of the following formed elements do not have chromosomes? erythrocytes reticulocytes erythroblasts erythrocytes and reticulocytes erythrocytes, reticulocytes and erythroblasts |
erythrocytes and reticulocytes |
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Bilirubin is found in white blood cells. may be reused in erythropoiesis. is formed from the globin groups of hemoglobin. is made from bile. may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice. |
may build up in the circulation and cause jaundice. |
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Randolf was suffering from severe hepatitis. His skin appeared to be jaundiced. That color change was due to increased heme in his circulatory system. increased globin in his circulatory system. increased bilirubin in his circulatory system. decreased rate of globin breakdown. increased globin in his circulatory system, increased bilirubin in his circulatory system and decreased rate of globin breakdown. |
increased bilirubin in his circulatory system. |
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On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia? chromosome 3 chromosome 11 chromosome 14 chromosome 21 |
chromosome 21 |
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Which of the following is NOT a consequence of sickle-cell anemia? Red blood cells take on the sickle shape when oxygen levels are low. Sickle-shaped red blood cells can become lodged in capillaries. Tissue damage from decreased blood supply. Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture. |
Sickle-shaped red blood cells are less likely to rupture. |
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Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is TRUE? Leukocytes have no nucleus. Leukocytes play a role in oxygen transport. Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements. Leukocytes are only fragments of cells. There is only one kind of leukocyte. |
Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements. |
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The most numerous of the leukocytes is the neutrophil. basophil. eosinophil. lymphocyte. monocyte. |
neutrophil |
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Lymphocytes are the largest of the leukocytes. migrate to lymphatic tissue. produce histamine. release heparin. are phagocytic. |
migrate to lymphatic tissue. |
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The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called chemotaxis. diapedesis. margination. intrusion. exocytosis. |
diapedesis |
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When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called chemotaxis. diapedesis. margination. ameboid movement. attraction. |
chemotaxis |
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A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from an allergic reaction. a viral infection. an acute bacterial infection. a chronic bacterial infection. a head cold. |
an allergic reaction. |
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Macrophages are derived from neutrophils. lymphocytes. monocytes. basophils. eosinophils. |
monocytes |
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Which white blood cells function primarily as phagocytotic cells? monocytes and lymphocytes basophils and neutrophils eosinophils and monocytes neutrophils and monocytes |
neutrophils and monocytes |
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Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis? coagulation erythropoiesis platelet formation vascular dilation agglutination |
coagulation |
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The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as platelet adhesion. vascular spasm. hemostasis. coagulation. |
vascular spasm. |
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If an individual had a reduction in the number of platelets they would have leukopenia. polycythemia. thrombocytopenia. anemia. |
thrombocytopenia |
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If an individual has a deficiency of hemoglobin due to the inability of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells, they would have aplastic anemia. pernicious anemia. thalassemia. hemolytic anemia. |
aplastic anemia |
