Chapter 19: Blood (Part Ii)

Front 1

Fe2+ is transported in the bloodstream by [________] to the [_________] for RBC formation.

Back 1

1. transferrin

2. red bone marrow

Front 2

In the bloodstream, the rupture of RBCs is called [__________]. Hemoglobin that is not [___________] breaks down, and the alpha and beta chains are [______________]

Back 2

1. hemolysis

2. phagocytized

3. eliminated in urine

Front 3

RBC production is called [____________]

Back 3

Erythropoiesis

Front 4

In adults, erythropoiesis only occurs in [_____________]

Back 4

myeloid tissues (red bone marrow)

Front 5

Where is red bone marrow found?

Back 5

Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and proximal limb bones

Front 6

In order, what are the five general stages of RBC maturation?

Back 6

1. Myeloid stem cell

2. Proerythroblast

3. Erythroblast stages

4. Reticulocyte

5. Mature RBC

Front 7

At what stage of RBC development is the nucleus ejected and the RBC enters the bloodstream?

Back 7

reticulocyte

Front 8

Building red blood cells requires three things in general. What are they?

Back 8

1. Amino acids

2. Iron

3. Vitamins

Front 9

What vitamins, specifically, are required to make RBCs?

Back 9

B12, B6, and folic acid

Front 10

What happens if a person lacks B12, B6, and folic acid?

Back 10

Anemia. For example pernicious anemia.

Front 11

What is pernicious anemia?

Back 11

Low RBC production due to B12 deficiency.

Front 12

Which hormone stimulates RBC production in stem cells?

Back 12

Erythropoietin (EPO)

Front 13

Where is erythropoietin made?

Back 13

The liver and kidneys

Front 14

When is EPO secreted?

Back 14

EPO is secreted by the liver and kidneys in response to low O2 levels in the peripheral tissues

Front 15

What does EPO do? 3 things.

Back 15

1.Stimulates division of erythroblasts

2. Stimulates stem cells that produce erythroblasts.

3. Speeds up maturation of RBCs

Front 16

What kind of molecule are surface antigens?

Back 16

glycoproteins

Front 17

These proteins exist on the surface of RBCs and identify cells to the immune system.

Back 17

Surface antigens

Front 18

Surface antigens tell your immune system...

Back 18

whether a cell is normal or foreign

Front 19

Blood types are [______________] determined by the presence of RBC [__________ _________]. Especially important ones include [__,___,___(__)]

Back 19

genetically

surface antigens

A, B, Rh (D)

Front 20

What is the significance of genes on chromosome #___?

Back 20

The genes on chromosome 9 dictate blood type

Front 21

If your blood type is O, you have what surface antigens

Back 21

neither A or B

Front 22

This word means to attack and clump foreign antigens

Back 22

agglutinate

Front 23

Your blood plasma contains antibodies against whichever antigens your blood type does not possess. Thusly,

If you have type A blood, you have _____ antibodies

With type B blood, you have _____ antibodies

With type O blood you have ____ antibodies

With type AB blood you have ____ antibodies

Back 23

anti-B

anti-A

Both anti A and anti B

no

Front 24

Throughout life, even without prior exposure, your blood possesses these type of antibodies (depending on blood type)

Back 24

A or B

Front 25

Antibodies against __ are only developed if sensitized, which means _________

Back 25

D; previously exposed

Front 26

Sometimes there are issues of compatibility between ____ maternal blood and _____ fetal blood

Back 26

Rh-

Rh+

Front 27

An Rh incompatibility between mother and child is called

Back 27

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Front 28

When an antibody meets its specific surface antigen, what happens?

Back 28

The RBCs will agglutinate and hemolyze

Front 29

What danger does a cross-reaction during a transfusion pose?

Back 29

Clumping interferes with normal blood flow and destroys tissues

Front 30

Person with Type A blood can

Receive from:

Donate to:

Back 30

Receive: A,O

Donate: A, AB

Front 31

Person with Type B blood can

Receive from:

Donate to:

Back 31

Receive: B, O

Donate: B, AB

Front 32

Person with Type AB blood can

Receive from:

Donate to:

Back 32

Receive: AB, O, A, B

Donate: AB

Front 33

Person with type O blood can

Receive from:

Donate to:

Back 33

Receive: O

Donate: A, B, AB, O

Front 34

How is blood typing performed?

Back 34

Involves exposing the blood to separate solutions containing Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D antibodies

Front 35

In an emergency, what blood type is given?

Back 35

Type O-

Front 36

Is Rh+ or Rh- more common?

Back 36

Rh+

Front 37

What is "cross-match" testing.

Back 37

Take a sample of the patients blood and expose it to the blood to be transfused to watch for incompatibilities with surface antigens besides A, B, and D

Front 38

What are some other uses of blood typing?

Back 38

Paternity cases and crime scene analysis

Front 39

With respect to crime scene analysis, what can blood typing tell you?

Back 39

It can't tell you specifically who did it, but it can rule somebody out.

Front 40

WBCs are also called

Back 40

leukocytes

Front 41

Three general differences between RBCs and WBCs

Back 41

WBCs contain nuclei and organelles

WBCs do not contain hemoglobin

WBCs have a much shorter lifespan. Hours to days

Front 42

In the US, from most common to least common, rank the blood types

Back 42

O, A, B, AB

Front 43

What are the three general functions of WBCs

Back 43

1. Defend against pathogens

2. Remove toxins and wastes

3. Attack abnormal cells

Front 44

Most WBCs are found in

Back 44

connective tissue and lymphatic system organs

Front 45

In blood, WBCs are

Back 45

found in relatively small numbers. 5-10k/microliter

Front 46

Four characteristics of WBCs

Back 46

1. Can migrate out of the bloodstream

2. Have amoeboid movement

3. Attracted to chemical stimuli called positive chemotaxis

4. Some are phagocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes)

Front 47

What is the chemical stimuli called that attracts WBCs

Back 47

positive chemotaxis

Front 48

What types of WBCs are granular

Back 48

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Front 49

What types of WBCs are agranular

Back 49

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Front 50

With regard to WBCs, what does it mean to be granular or agranular?

Back 50

the presence or absence of granules visible after staining on a microscope

Front 51

What is the relative abundance of types of white blood cells

Back 51

Neutrophils>Lymphocytes>Monocytes>Eosinophils>Basophils

Front 52

Describe the appearance of neutrophils

Back 52

2-5 lobed nucleus. Granular. Have pale cytoplasmic granules that contain hydrogen peroxides and superperoxides = bactericides

Front 53

What is the bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils

Back 53

Neutrophils have pale cytoplasmic granules that contain hydrogen peroxides and superperoxides

Front 54

Which type of WBC is first to attack bacteria

Back 54

Neutrophils

Front 55

How to neutrophils attack pathogens?

Back 55

Engulf and digest pathogens.

Front 56

__________ release prostaglandins which _____________ and _______________

Back 56

Neutrophils

increase capillary permeability

cause local inflammation

Front 57

_____________ release leukotrienes, which ______________

Back 57

Neutrophils

"call" other phagocytes

Front 58

The action of ___________ produces pus.

Back 58

Neutrophils

Front 59

Describe the nucleus of eosinophils

Back 59

two lobed nucleus

Front 60

How do eosinophils stain?

Back 60

Granular. Granules stain darkly in acidic, red stain

Front 61

_____________ can engulf foreign particles if they are _____________

Back 61

marked with antibodies

Front 62

____________ also complete exocytosis of toxic compounds to destroy pathogens that are....

Back 62

Eosinophils

Too large to engulf

Front 63

Eosinophils are especially effective against __________

Back 63

parasitic worms

Front 64

This type of WBC is sensitive to allergens

Back 64

Eosinophils

Front 65

This type of WBC migrates and accumulates in damaged tissues

Back 65

Basophils

Front 66

Basophils release __________ and __________ to ______________ and __________

Back 66

histamine and heparin

dilate blood vessels and prevent clotting

Front 67

Describe the nucleus of monocytes

Back 67

Oval or kidney bean shaped

Front 68

What are the general physical characteristics of monocytes?

Back 68

Much larger than RBCs. Spherical in shape

Front 69

These WBCs are much larger than RBCs and are spherical in shape.

Back 69

Monocytes

Front 70

These WBCs enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages

Back 70

Monocytes

Front 71

What is a macrophage

Back 71

a particularly aggressive phagocyte. It can engulf items as large or larger than itself

Front 72

This WBC secretes substances to attract other phagocytes and fibroblasts to seal an injured area

Back 72

Monocytes

Front 73

This type of WBC is slightly larger than an RBC

Back 73

Lymphocyte

Front 74

What kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have?

Back 74

Large, round nucleus

Front 75

This type of WBC migrates in and out of blood, tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system

Back 75

Lymphocytes

Front 76

This type of WBC is part of the body's specific defense system

Back 76

Lymphocytes

Front 77

There are three classes of lymphocytes. Name them

Back 77

1. T Cells

2. B Cells

3. Natural Killer (NK) cells

Front 78

Describe T Cells

Back 78

cell-mediated immunity. Must migrate to target and attack foreign cells directly

Front 79

Describe B-Cells

Back 79

Humoral immunity. Makes antibodies. Does not have to migrate to the target

Front 80

Describe natural killer cells

Back 80

do immune surveillance. Detect and destroy cancer cells

Front 81

Clinical term for low WBC count

Back 81

leukopenia

Front 82

Clinical term for elevated WBC count

Back 82

leukocytosis

Front 83

What sort of WBC numbers would one expect from someone with leukemia?

Back 83

Leukocytosis - elevated WBC count

Front 84

From what kind of cells do WBCs originate?

Back 84

hemocytoblasts

Front 85

What is a hemocytoblast?

Back 85

A myeloid stem cell

Front 86

__________ stem cells make all WBCs except for ___________, which are made in ____________

Back 86

myeloid

lymphocytes

Red bone marrow

Front 87

While __________ are made from myeloid stem cells, they ____________

Back 87

monocytes

finish development in the tissues

Front 88

What is the term for the production of lymphocytes, what cells are responsible for it, and where are they found

Back 88

lymphopoiesis

lymphoid stem cells

red bone marrow

Front 89

Speaking generally, what are platelets?

Back 89

Cell fragments involved in the human clotting system.

Front 90

Platelets circulate ______ days, and then are engulfed by _____________ in the _________ to remove

Back 90

9-12

phagocytosis

spleen

Front 91

Approximately _________ of platelets circulate. Approximately ________ are kept on reserve in case of emergencies.

Back 91

2/3

1/3

Front 92

Term for abnormally low platelet count

Back 92

thrombocytopenia

Front 93

Term for abnormally high platelet count. Possible causes for this.

Back 93

Thrombocytosis. Overproduction in response to infection, inflammation, or certain cancers

Front 94

3 general functions of platelets

Back 94

1. Release chemicals important to clotting process

2. Forming a temporary patch at the wall of the damaged blood vessels

3. Reducing the size of a break in vessel wall

Front 95

What is the name for the temporary patch at the wall of damaged blood vessels?

Back 95

Platelet plug

Front 96

How do platelets reduce the size of a break in a vessel wall?

Back 96

Platelets contain actin and myosin, which contract once a clot is formed

Front 97

What is the term for platelet production? Where does it occur?

Back 97

Thrombocytopoiesis.

Red bone marrow

Front 98

From what cells do platelets arise?

Back 98

Megakaryocytes, giant cells in bone marrow. They manufacture platelets from cytoplasm

Front 99

What three hormones control platelet production?

Back 99

1. Thrombopoietin

2. Interleukin-6

3. Multi-colony stimulating factor.

Front 100

Origin and mechanism of thrombopoietin

Back 100

peptide hormone from kidneys. Stimulates production of megakaryocytes

Front 101

Function of interleukin-6

Back 101

Stimulates platelet formation from megakaryoctes

Front 102

Function of multi-colony stimulating factor

Back 102

Stimulates myeloid stem cell production that will lead to megakaryocytes

Front 103

Term for the cessation of bleeding through the walls of a damaged vessel

Back 103

hemostasis

Front 104

What are the 3, but really 4, phases of hemostasis?

Back 104

1. Vascular phase

2. platelet phase

3. Coagulation phase

4. clot retraction

Front 105

What happens during the vascular phase of hemostasis?

Back 105

Local contraction of smooth muscles of vessel to reduce diameter of vessel (vascular spasm)

Endothelial cells become sticky & begin division to speed up repair

Front 106

What happens during the platelet phase of hemostasis?

Back 106

Platelets attach to the sticky endothelial cells from the vascular phase. Forms a platelet plug

Platelets release chemicals to promote aggregation of more platelets, more vascular spasm, and vessel repair

Front 107

What happens during the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Back 107

Circulating fibrinogen is converted to fibrin -- an insoluble protein

This forms a blood clot: a growing fibrin meshwork that traps blood cells and seals the damaged site

Front 108

What happens during clot retraction?

Back 108

Platelets contract once the fibrin meshwork is formed

Front 109

______________(_________________) are needed for proper clot formation

Back 109

Clotting factors (procoagulants)

Front 110

This vitamin is important for the formation of _______ different proteins involved in clotting.

Back 110

Vitamin K

Four

Front 111

Describe vitamin K

Back 111

Fat soluble vitamin found in green vegetables, grains, organ meats, and produced by gut bacteria

Front 112

Many clotting factors are _____________ that are inactive until activated by the clotting process

Back 112

proenzymes

Front 113

Activation of one proenzyme often creates an enzyme that....

Back 113

activates a second proenzyme in the pathway

Front 114

done

Back 114

done