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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social psychology |
Study of how people affect one another |
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Situationism |
View that our behaviour and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings |
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Dispositionism |
View that our behaviour is determined by internal factors |
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Internal factor |
An attribute of a person including personality traits and temperament |
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Fundamental attribution error |
The failure to recognize when the behaviour of another is due to situational variables (their state) and not an internal factor |
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Halo effect |
The tendency to let the overall impression of an individual colour the way we feel about them |
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Individualistic culture |
Culture that focuses on achievement and autonomy |
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Collectivistic culture |
Culture that focuses on communal relationships with others |
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Actor-observer bias |
Phenomenon of attributing other people’s behaviour to internal factors while attributing our own to situational forces |
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Attribution |
A belief about the cause of a result |
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Self-serving bias |
Tendency to explain our successes to dispositional characteristics, but our failures to situational factors |
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Just-world hypothesis |
Belief that people get the outcome they deserve |
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Social role |
A pattern of behaviour that is expected of a person in a given group or setting |
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Social norm |
A group’s expectation of what is appropriate and acceptable for its members |
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Script |
A person’s knowledge about the sequence of events expected in a specific setting |
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Stanford prison experiment |
Famous experiment about psychological effects of prison life |
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Attitude |
Our evaluation of a person, idea, or object |
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What are the three components of an attitude? |
Affective, behavioural, cognitive |
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Cognitive dissonance |
Psychological discomfort arising from holding two or more inconsistent attitudes, behaviours, or cognitions |
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Cognitions |
Thoughts, beliefs, or opinions |
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Justification of effort |
The idea that we value goals and achievements that we put a lot into |
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Persuasion |
The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication |
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Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion |
Popular model to describe dynamics of persuasion |
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Central route of persuasion |
Logic driven method of persuasion using data and facts to convince of argument’s worthiness |
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Peripheral route of persuasion |
Method of persuasion that uses associations with positive characteristics (peripheral cues), such as positive emotions or celebrity endorsement, to substantiate argument |
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Foot-in-the-door technique |
Method of persuasion where persuader gets person to agree to small favour or purchase, only to later request bigger favour or purchase |
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Principle of consistency |
Idea that our past behaviour often directs our future behaviour |
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Conformity |
Change in a person’s behaviour to go along with the group |
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Social loafing |
Reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled |
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Deindividuation |
Situations in which a person may feel sense of anonymity and therefore a reduction in accountability and sense of self when among others |
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Confederate |
Person who is aware of an experiment and works for researcher |
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Asch effect |
The influence of the group majority on an individual’s judgement |
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What influences conformity to group pressure? |
The size of the majority, the presence of another dissenter, the public or private nature of responses |
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Compliance |
Going along with request or demand even if you don’t agree with it |
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Normative social influence |
Where people conform to the group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by group |
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Informational social influence |
Where people conform to the group norm because they believe the group is competent and has the correct info, particularly when task is ambiguous |
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Obedience |
Change of a person’s behaviour to comply with a demand by an authority figure |
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Groupthink |
The modification of the opinions of members of a group to align with what they believe is the group consensus |
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Group polarization |
The strengthening of an original group attitude after the discussion of views within a group |
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Prejudice |
A negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group |
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Out-group |
Group that person doesn’t belong to that is viewed as fundamentally different |
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In-group bias |
Preference for own group over other groups |
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Scapegoating |
Act of blaming an out-group when in-group experiences frustration or is blocked from obtaining a goal |
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Stereotype |
A specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group, regardless of individual characteristics |
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Discrimination |
Negative action toward an individual as a result of their membership in a particular group |
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Racism |
Prejudice and discrimination against an individual based solely on their membership in a specific racial group |
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Sexism |
Prejudice and discrimination toward individuals based on their sex |
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Ageism |
Prejudice and discrimination toward a person based solely on their age |
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Homophobia |
Prejudice and discrimination of individuals based solely on their sexual orientation |
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Self-fulfilling prophecy |
An expectation held by by a person that alters their behaviour in a way that tends to make it true |
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Confirmation bias |
Process of seeking out information that is consistent with beliefs and ignoring that which is not |
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In-group |
A group that person identifies with or feels they belong in |
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Aggression |
Where someone seeks to cause harm or pain to another person |
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Hostile aggression |
Aggression motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain |
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Instrumental aggression |
Aggression motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain |
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Bullying |
Repeated negative treatment of another person over time |
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Cyberbullying |
Repeated negative treatment of another person over time through the use of technology and internet |
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Bystander effect |
Phenomenon in which a witness or bystander does not interfere to help a victim or person in distress |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
Tendency for no one in a group to help because responsibility to help is spread throughout the group |
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Prosocial behaviour |
Voluntary behaviour with the intent to help others |
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Consummate love |
Love including intimacy, passion, and commitment |
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Companionate love |
Love with intimacy and commitment, but no passion |
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Liking |
Love with intimacy but no passion or commitment |
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Infatuation empty |
Love with passion but without intimacy or commitment |
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Empty love |
Love with commitment but without intimacy or passion |
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Social exchange theory |
Theory that people keep track of costs and benefits of maintaining a relationship |
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Altruism |
Desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits of helping |
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Empathy |
Capacity to understand another person’s perspective |
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Reciprocity |
Give and take in relationships |
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Self-disclosure |
The sharing of personal information |
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Intimacy |
The sharing of details and intimate thoughts and emotions |
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Passion |
Physical attraction |
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Commitment |
Standing by a person |
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Triangular theory of love |
Stenberg’s theory that intimacy, passion, and commitment form a triangle that defines multiple types of love |
