Social Psychology Ch. 7-12

Front 1

Group

Back 1

Two or more people who, for longer than a few moments, interact with and influence one another and ourselves one another as "us".

Front 2

Co-actors

Back 2

A group of people working simultaneously and individually on a noncompetive task.

Front 3

Social Facilitation

Back 3

(1) Original meaning: the tendency of people to perform simple or well- learned tasks better when others are present. (2) Current meaning: the strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others.

Front 4

Evaluation Apprehension

Back 4

Concern for how others are evaluating us.

Front 5

Social Loafing

Back 5

The tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable.

Front 6

Deindividuation

Back 6

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension; occurs in group situations that foster anonymity and draw attention away from the individual.

Front 7

Group Polarization

Back 7

Group-produced enhancement of members' pre-existing tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group.

Front 8

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 8

A false impression of how other people are thinking, feeling, or responding.

Front 9

Groupthink

Back 9

The tendency for groups, in the process of decision making, to suppress dissenting cognitions in the interest of ensuring harmony within the group.

Front 10

Leadership

Back 10

The process by which certain group members motivate and guide the group.

Front 11

Prosocial Behaviour

Back 11

Any act performed with the intent of helping another person. 4 categories:

1. Casual Helping

2. Substantial Personal Helping

3. Emotional Helping

4. Emergency Helping

Front 12

Altruism

Back 12

Prosocial behavior. Helping others.

Front 13

Cyberbullying

Back 13

Bullying, harassing, or threatening someone using electronic communication, such as texts, online social networks, or email.

Front 14

Aggression

Back 14

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone

Front 15

Physical aggression

Back 15

Hurting someone else's body

Front 16

Social Aggression

Back 16

Hurting someone else's feelings or threatening their relationships. Sometimes called relational aggression, it includes cyberbullting and some forms of in-person bullying.

Front 17

Hostile Aggression

Back 17

Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself.

Front 18

Instrumental Aggression

Back 18

Aggression that is a means to some other end

Front 19

Instinctive Behaviour

Back 19

An innate, unlearned behaviour pattern exhibited by all members of a species.

Front 20

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Back 20

The theory that frustration triggers a readiness to aggress.

Front 21

Frustration

Back 21

The blocking of goal- directed behaviour.

Front 22

Displacement

Back 22

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration. Generally, the new target is a safer or more socially acceptable target.

Front 23

Relative Deprivation

Back 23

The perception that one is less well off than others to whomever one compares oneself.

Front 24

Social Learning Theory

Back 24

The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded and punished.

Front 25

Prosocial behaviour

Back 25

Positive, constructive, helpful social behaviour; the opposite of antisocial behaviour.

Front 26

Social scripts

Back 26

Culturally provided mental instructions for how to act in various situations.

Front 27

Need to Belong

Back 27

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions.

Front 28

Proximity

Back 28

Geographical nearness. Proximity (more precisely, "functional distance") powerfully predicts liking.

Front 29

Mere-exposure Effect

Back 29

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more or rated more positively after the rater has been repeatedly exposed to them.

Front 30

Matching Phenomenon

Back 30

The tendency for men and women to choose as partners those who are a "good match" in attractiveness and other traits.

Front 31

Physical-attractiveness Stereotype

Back 31

The presumption that physically attractive people possess other socially desirable traits as well: what is beautiful is good.

Front 32

Complementarity

Back 32

The popularly supposed tendency, in a relation between two people, for each to complete what is missing in the other.

Front 33

Ingratiation

Back 33

The use of strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favour.

Front 34

Reward Theory of Attraction

Back 34

The theory that we like those whose behaviour is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events.

Front 35

Passionate Love

Back 35

A state of intense longing for union with another. Passionate lovers are absorbed in one another; they feel ecstatic at attaining their partners love, and they are disconsolate on losing it.

Front 36

Two-factor Theory of Emotion

Back 36

Arousal x it's label = emotion

Front 37

Companionable Love

Back 37

The affection we feel for those with whom our loves are deeply intertwined.

Front 38

Secure Attachment

Back 38

Attachment rooted in trust and marked by intimacy.

Front 39

Avoidance Attachment

Back 39

Attachments are narket by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others. An insecure attachment style.

Front 40

Anxious Attachment

Back 40

Attachment marked by anxiety or ambivalence. An insecure Attachment style.

Front 41

Equity

Back 41

A condition in which the outcomes people receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it. Equitable outcomes needn't always be equal outcomes.

Front 42

Self- disclosure

Back 42

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Front 43

Disclosure Reciprocity

Back 43

The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner.

Front 44

Prejudice

Back 44

A negative prejudgment of a group and its individual members.

Front 45

Stereotype

Back 45

Beliefs about the personal attributes of a group of people. Stereotypes can be overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information.

Front 46

Discrimination

Back 46

Unjustifiable negative behaviour toward a group or its members.

Front 47

Racism

Back 47

(1) An individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviour toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race.

Front 48

Social Dominance Orientation

Back 48

A motivation to have your own group be dominant over other social groups.

Front 49

Ethnocentric

Back 49

Believing in the superiority of your own ethnic and cultural group and having a corresponding distain for all other groups.

Front 50

Authoritarian Personality

Back 50

A personality that is disposed to favour obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those.

Front 51

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Back 51

The theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

Front 52

Social Identity

Back 52

The "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I? That comes from our group memberships.

Front 53

In-Groups

Back 53

"Us": groups of people who share a sense if belonging, a feeling of common identity.

Front 54

Out-Groups

Back 54

"Them": groups that people perceive as distinctively different from or Part from their in-group.

Front 55

In-Group Bias

Back 55

The tendency to favour your own group.

Front 56

Terror Management

Back 56

According to "terror Management theory," people's self-protective emotional and cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.

Front 57

Out-Group Homogeneity Effect

Back 57

Perception of Out-Group members as more similar to one another than are In-Group members. Thus, "They are alike; we are diverse."

Front 58

Own-Race Bias

Back 58

The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race

Front 59

Group-Serving Bias

Back 59

Explaining away out-group members' positive behaviours; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behaviour by one's own group.)

Front 60

Just-World Phenomenon

Back 60

People's tendency to believe that the world is just and that, therefore, people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Front 61

Subtyping

Back 61

Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by thinking if them as a special category of people with different properties.

Front 62

Subgrouping

Back 62

Accommodating groups of individuals who deviate from one's stereotype by forming a new stereotype about this subset of the group.

Front 63

Stereotype Threat

Back 63

A disruptive concern, when facing a negative stereotype, that one will be evacuated based on a negative stereotype.

Front 64

Conflict

Back 64

A perceived incompatibility of actions or goals

Front 65

Peace

Back 65

A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships

Front 66

Social Trap

Back 66

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their own self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

Front 67

Tragedy of the Commons

Back 67

The "commons" is any shared resource, including air, water, energy sources, and food supplies. The tragedy occurs when individuals consume more than their share, with the cost of their doing so dispersed among all, causing the ultimate collapse - the tragedy- of the commons.

Front 68

Non-Zero-Sum Games

Back 68

Games in which outcomes need not sum to zero. With cooperation, both can win; with competition, both can lose. (Also called mixed-motive situations.)

Front 69

Equality

Back 69

The equal distribution of rewards to all individuals

Front 70

Need-Based Distribution

Back 70

The distribution of rewards based in need for those rewards.

Front 71

Equal-Status Contact

Back 71

Contact on an equal basis. Just as a relationship between people of unequal status breeds attitudes consistent with their relationship, so do relationships between those of equal status. Thus, to reduce prejudice, interracial contact should ideally be between persons equal in status.

Front 72

Superordinate Goals

Back 72

Shared goals that necessitate cooperative effort: goals that override people's differences from one another.

Front 73

Bargaining

Back 73

Seeking an agreement through direct negotiation between parties.

Front 74

Mediation

Back 74

An attempt by a neutral their party to resolve a conflict by facilitating communication and offering suggestions.

Front 75

Arbitration

Back 75

Resolution of a conflict by a neutral third party who studies both sides and imposes a settlement.

Front 76

Integrative Agreements

Back 76

Win-win agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.

Front 77

GRIT

Back 77

An acronym for "graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction" - a strategy designed to de-escalate international tensions.