Cell Biology & Genetics Bio 264

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the outer boundary of the cell

Back 1

The Plasma Membrane

Front 2

directs cell activities

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Nucleus

Front 3

between the nucleus and the plasma membrane, where most cell activities take place

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cytoplasm

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cells perform the following functions:

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~Metabolize and release energy
~ synthesize molecules
~provide a means of communication
~reproduce and provide for inheritance

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plasma membrane

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structure: Lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids and cholesterol, proteins extended across or are embedded in either surface of the lipid bilayer

Function: controls the entry and exit of substances; receptor proteins function in intracellular communication; marker molecules enable cells to recognize one another

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Nucleus

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control center of the cell
DNA within the nucleus regulates protein synthesis and therefore the chemical reactions of the cell

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Nuclear envelope

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a double membrane with nuclear pores

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chromatin

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dispersed, thin strands of DNA and associated proteins, which which condenses to become visible mitotic chromosomes during cell division

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nucleoli

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dense bodies consisting of ribosomal RNA and proteins

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Ribosome

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Ribosomal RNA and protiens from large and small subunits, some are attached to endoplasmic reticulin whereas others are distributed throughout the cytoplasm
~serves as site of protein synthesis

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum

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~Memranous tubules and flattened sacs with attached ribosomes
~ synthesis proteins and transports then to Golgi apparatus

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smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Membranous tubles and flattened sacs with no attached ribosomes

Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium

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Golgi Apparatus

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Modifies, packages and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use

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Lysosome

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Membran-bond vesicle pinched off Golgi apparatus

contains digestive enzymes

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peroxisome

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membrane-bound vesicle

Serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; break down hydrogen peroxide

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proteasome's

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tubelike protein complexes in the cytoplasm

break down proteins in the cytoplasm

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Mitochondria

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spherical, rod-shaped, or threadlike structures; enclosed by double membrane; inner membrane forms projectons called cristae

major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available

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Centroles

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pair of cylindrical organelles in the centrosome, consisting of triplets of parallel microtubles

serve as centers of microtuble formation; determine cell polarity during cell division; form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella

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Cilia

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Extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubles; 10 um in length

Move materials over the surface of cells

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Flagellum

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Extensions of the plasma membrane containing doublets of parallel microtubles; 55 um in length

in humans, propels spermatozoa

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Microvilli

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Extension of the Plasma membrane containing microfilaments

Increase surgadce area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors.

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Intracellular

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Inside a cell

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Extracellular

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outside a cell

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Phospholipids

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Lipid with phosphorus, resulting in a molecule with a polar end and a non polar end; main component of the lipid bilayer.

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Lipid bilayer

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double layer of lipid molecules forming the plasma membrane and other cellular membranes