Cell Biology

Front 1

cell theory?

Back 1

-all living org. are composed of cells
-all cells arise from preexisting cells
-cells contain heriditary material
-chemical comp. of cells is quite similar
-metabolic process associated with life occur within cells

Front 2

how many different cell types in us?

Back 2

about 200

Front 3

what are cells made of?

Back 3

protein, nuceleic acid, carbohydrate, lipid other

Front 4

cellular anatomy

Back 4

-plasma membrane(animals) cellular wall(plants
-a fluid called cytoslol
-a nucelus( in animals and plants)

Front 5

prokaryotic cell

Back 5

-no internal mebrane bound compartments
-usually only genetic material as organelles
-no nucleus
-genetic material floats in cytoplasm, achored at one spot to the membrane

Front 6

creation of eukayotic cells?(evolution)

Back 6

evolved from procaryotic ancester which took in smaller energy producing prokaryotic cells--->

mitochondria own DNA etc

Front 7

cell membrane structure

Back 7

glycoprotein, glycolipid-->glycolax
Phospholipid
proteins
fat
sugars
phospholipid

Front 8

HLA's?

Back 8

human leukocyte antigenes-->identifying proteins that sit in white blood cells-->glycocalyx
also bloodtypes

Front 9

examples active transport?

Back 9

-uptake of digested nutrients from the small intestine
-the collecting of iodine in thyorid gland cells
-return to the blood of the vast majorityof sodium ions filtered by the kidney

Front 10

intermembrane pumps

Back 10

-transport proteins may act as pumps movin ions or small molecules across the plasma membrane
-

Front 11

differnet kinds of pumps?

Back 11

uniporter, simporter, antiporter

Front 12

components of the endomembrane system?

Back 12

-nuclear envelope
-endoplasmatic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosoms
-vacuoles
-plasma mebrane

Front 13

nucleus

Back 13

-contains most of the genes and is usually the biggest organelle
-nuclear envelope seperates it from the cytoplasm
-nuclear envelope is a double membrane
-nuclear pores in the envelope for transport

Front 14

ribosomes

Back 14

-protein factories
-made of rRNA and proteins
-protein synthesis in two locations:
1. in the cytosol
2.outside of ER or nuclear envelope

Front 15

ER

Back 15

-biosynthetic factory
-is continous with the nucear envelope
-smooth ER. lacks ribosomes
-rough ER: ribosomes roughen up the surface

Front 16

sER

Back 16

-synthesizes lipids
-metabolizes carbohydrates
-detoxifies poison
-stores calcium

Front 17

rER

Back 17

-half of the cells proteins are made here
-protein movement
-protein proofreading

Front 18

golgi apparatus

Back 18

-shipping and receivin centre
-consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
-modifies products of the ER
-manufacture certain macromolecules
-sorts and packages materials into transport vesicels
-cis face-->receiving side
-trans-face-->shipping side

Front 19

lysosomes

Back 19

-digestive compartments
-hydrolitic enzymes taht can digest macromolecules
-lysosome fuses with food vacuole
-lysosome can also recycle the cells own organelles-->autophagy

Front 20

mitochondria

Back 20

-chemical energy conversion
-smooth outer membrane and inner membrane folded into cristae
-inner mebrane creates two compartments: intermebrane space and mitochindrial matrix
-some metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix
-

Front 21

energy produciton in the mitochondrium

Back 21

1.glucose diffuses into cell glycolysis-->breaking down glucose that releases energy which is store in 2 ATP molecules and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
2.pyruvic acid gets taken to mitochondrium where it's converted to acetyl co-A
3.acetyl co-A feeds into citroenzuurcyclus, a series of reactions that release energy from the actyl co-A and store it in ATP NADH FADH2
4. NADH an FADH2 are transported to the inner mebrane of the mitochondrium, final series of reactions-->electron transport chaon-->that converts energy in NADH+ FADH2 to ATP

Front 22

peroxisomes

Back 22

-oxidation
-produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it into water
-

Front 23

cytoskeleton

Back 23

-network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
-organizes the cell's structure, anchoring organelles
-composed of:microtubuli, microfilamente, intermediate filaments
-vesicels can travel vie the skeleton
-interacts with motorproteins to produce mobility

Front 24

cell movement

Back 24

flagella: single, long whiplike structures that propel the cell forward
cilia: are shorter extensions, line up the upper respiratory tract carrying mucus, line up thefallopian tubes to move the egg from ovary to uterus

dyenin: motorprotein that drives the bending movements

both cilia anf flagella:core of microtubuli sourrounded by the plasma mebrane

Front 25

centrosome

Back 25

"microtubuli organization centre"
-each centrosome has a pair of centriols each with nine triplets of microtubuli arranged in a ring

Front 26

cell division in multicellular organisms depend on?

Back 26

-developement from a fertilized cel
-growth
-repair

Front 27

cell cycle?

Back 27

live of a cell from its formation to own reproduction

Front 28

somatic cells?

Back 28

non reproductive cells
two sets of chromosomes

Front 29

gametes?

Back 29

reproductive cells
sperm and egg cells
half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

Front 30

chromosomes consit of?

Back 30

-chromatin
-complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

Front 31

binary fission?

Back 31

prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission

the chromosome replicates(beginning at the origin of replication) and the two daughter chromosomes actively move apart

Front 32

eukaryotic division

Back 32

mitosis--> devision of the nucleus
cytokinesis-->division of the cytoplasm

Front 33

meiosis?

Back 33

-produces gametes
-yields cells taht have only one set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell

Front 34

cell ccle consists of?

Back 34

-mitotic phase(mitose und cytokynese)
-interphase(cell growth and copying of chromosomes in prepration for cell division)

Front 35

Interphase?

Back 35

-about 90% of cell cycle divided into:
-G1 phase(first gap)
-S-phase (Synthesis, chromosomes are duplicated)
-G2 phase (second gap)

Front 36

phases of mitsoisß

Back 36

-prophase
-promethaphase
-metaphase
-anaphase
-telophase

Front 37

checkpoints of cell cycle?

Back 37

-G1 checkpoint, most important one, if cell does not pass it goes into G0 phase where its not further replicated
-if it receives go ahead signal the cell usual goes through S,G2 and M phase and divide

Front 38

internal and external signs at checkpoints?

Back 38

-internal: kinetochors are not to spindle microtubules and send signal that delays anaphase
-external: proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

Front 39

densitiy dependent inhibition

Back 39

crwoded cells will stop dividing

Front 40

anchorage dependence

Back 40

cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide

Front 41

cell communication?

Back 41

-via physycal contact or chemical messengers
1.circulating hormones
2.local hormones-->for cells in vicinity, very quick response, cells that are infected with a virus for example and neurons
3. gap junctions-->are immediate and short lived, contact btw cells