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102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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primary functions of upper airway?
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conductor of air
humidify & warm inpired air prevent foreign materials from entering TBT auxillary: speech, smell |
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3 functions of nose
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filter
humidify warm inspired air |
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7 structures that form outer portion of the nose
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nasal bones, frontal process of the maxilla, lateral nasal cartilage, greater alar cartilage, lesser alar cartilage, septal cartilage, fibrous fatty tissue
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? type of epithelium lines 1/3 of nasal cavity?
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stratified squamous epithelium
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? type lines the posterior 2/3 of the nasal cavity
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pseudostratified ciliated colmnar epithelium
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three boney protrusions in the nasal cavity
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superior
middle inferior nasal turbinate or conchae |
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fuction of three boney protrusions in the nasal cavity
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warm
separate humidify |
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how do the 3 boney protrusions in nasal cavity warm, separate and humidify
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turbinate seperate inspired air into serval different airstreams. action increases contact area for air and warm moist surface.
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4 groups of sinuses
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maxillary
frontal ethmoid sphenoid |
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3 functions of sinuses
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produce mucus for nasal cavity, resonation chambers for sound production, communicat with nasal cavity
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muscle elevates the soft palate
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levator veli palatinum muscle
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muscle moves the soft palate forward and down
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palatopharyngeal muscles
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epithelium lines the oral cavity
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stratified squamous epithelium
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4 types epithium
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stratified squamous epithelium,pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium , simple cuboidial epithelium, simple squamous epithelium
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epitheluim lines nasopharynx
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pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium
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3 groups of tonsils
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palatine tonsils
pharyngeal tonsils lingual tonsils |
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where are the palatine tonsils found?
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oral cavity palatien arches
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where are the pharyngeal tonsils found?
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nasopharynx
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where are the lingual tonsils found?
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oropharynx
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3 divsions of the pharynx
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nasopharynx
oropharynx laryngopharynx |
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passageway allows equalization of pressure between middle ear and nasopharynx?
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eustachian tubes
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epithelium lines oropharynx
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stratified squamous epithelium
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epithelium lines the laryngopharynx
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non cilated stratified squamous epithelium
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3 functions of the larynx
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air passage way between pharynx and trachea. protecs against apiration of solid & liquid. genarates ounds for speech
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3 single laryngeal cartilages
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tyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis
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3 paired laryngeal cartilages
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arytenoid, corniculae, cuneiform
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vocal cords are also know as?
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vocal folds
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elastic tissue that comprises the medial border of the vocal folds?
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vocal ligament
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space between the vocal cords? 2 names
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rima glottidis
glottis |
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laryngeal mucosa above true vocal cords is composed of?
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(non ciliated) stratified squamous epithelium
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true vocal cords the laryngeal mucosa is covered by?
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pseudostratifed ciliated columnar epithelium
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expiratory effort again the closed glottis is known as
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valsavas movement
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2 layers of the mucous blanket
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sol layer, gel layer
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where is mucus produced
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the goblet cells and the submucosal glands
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lower airway is lined by what type of epitheium?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
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9 factors that can slow ciliary rate
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1) cigarette smoke, 2)dehydration, 3)possitive pressure ventilation, 4)endotracheal suctioning 5) high inspired oxygen concentrations, 6) hypoxia, 7)atmospheric pollutnats 8)gerneral anesthetics 9)parasympaholytics
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5 chemicals released by mast cells that mediate inflammation
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IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD
hint: gamed |
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length avg adult trachea
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11 to 13 cm
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diameter of avg adult trachea
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1.5 to 2.5 cm
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what is the carina?
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the bifurcation of the trachea
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right mainstem bronches branches off the trachea at an angle of ____degrees
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25
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the left mainstem bronches branches off the trachea at an angle of ____degrees
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40-60
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what are the canals of lambert?
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secondary avenued for collateral ventilation
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where are the canals of lambert found?
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found in the terminal bronchioles
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where do the bronchial arteries originate?
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the aorta
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where do the bronchial arteries terminate?
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terminal bronchioles
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what structured so the bronchial arteries provide blood flow?
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TBT, mediastinal lymph nodes, pulmonary nerves, portion of esophagus, visceral pleura
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1/3 of bronchial venous blood returnes to right side of the heart thru?
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the azygos hemiazygos and intercostal veins
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2/3 of the bronchial venous blood returns via
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bronchopulmonary veins
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what is anastomosis
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the joining of vessels, either naturally or surgically to allow flow to other structures
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structures lie inferior to the terminal bronchioles
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repiratory bronchioles
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what is an acinies
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primary lobule
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how many alveoli are thre in the avg adult lung
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300 million
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surface area of the average adult lung
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70 sq meters
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how many primary lobules are there in the avg adult lung
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130,000
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range for the diamater of the alveoli
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75 u to 300 u
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another name for type 2 cells
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granular pneumocyte
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another name for type I cells
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squamous pneumocyte
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type I cells make up how much of the alveolar surface
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95%
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primary source of surfactant?
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type II cells
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what are the pores of kohn?
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sm holes in the walls of the inter alveolar septa permits gas to ove between alveoli
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function of macrophages
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remove bacteria and other foreigh particles that are deposited within the acini
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2 major components of the intersitium
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tight space
loose space |
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name the 3 types of cells found in the alveolar epithelium
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type I cell or squamous pneumocyte, type II cell or granular pneumocyte, type III alveolar cells or alveolar macropahges
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3 layers of arteries
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tunica intime, tunica media, tunica adventitia
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what are resistance vessels
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arterioles that distribute and regulate blood
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what is the thickness fo the pumonary capillary wall
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less than .1u thick
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what is the external diameter of the pumonary capillary wall
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10 u
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what are the capacitance vessels
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veins that are capable of collecting lrg amt of blood w/ very little pressure change
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where are the superficial lungs lymphatic vessels located?
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around the lungs just beneath the visceral pleura and in dense connective tissure wrapping of the bronchioles, bronchi, pulmonary arteries & pulmonary veins
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within the lungs, where do the lymphatic vessels originate?
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from the loose space of the interstitium
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what nervous system controls the smooth muscle of bronchi and arterioles?
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autonomic nervous system
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what neural tranmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?
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norepinephrine aided by epinephrine
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what effects do Beta2 receptors have on smooth bronchial muscle?
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relaxation of the airway musculature
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what effects do alpha receptors have on smooth bronchial muscle
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causes the pulmonary vascular system constrict
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what neural transmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?
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acetylcholine
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what rib is associated with the apex of the lung
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1st rib
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the lungs posterior base is found at what rib?
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11th rib
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the lungs anterior base is found at what rib?
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6th rib
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where do all bronchi, blood vessels,nerves, etc, enter the lungs?
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hilum
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what is the oblique fissure?
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seperation of the upper and lower left lung
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what is the horizontal fissure?
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seperates the upper and middle lobes from the lower lobes in the right lung
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structures that are contained or pass through the mediastinum?
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trachea, heart, major blood vessels, that enter and exit the heart, various nerves, portions of the esophagus, thymus gland, lymph nodes
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what pleura covers the lungs
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visceral pleurae
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what pleura covers the inside of the chest wall
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parietal pleurae
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the space between the pleura is known as what
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pleural cavity
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3 parts of the sternum
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manubrium sterni
body xiphoid process |
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what are the true ribs
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ribs 1-7
attached directly to the sternum by way of their costal cartilage |
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what are false ribs
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ribs 8-10
attached to to cartilage of ribs above |
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what are floating ribs
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ribs 11-12
float free anteriorly |
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what is the central tendon
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2 muscles that merge at the midline into a broad connective sheet
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lungs go down to which rib and what part of the sternum?
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11th rib and xiphoid process
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what anatomic structures pass thru the diaphram?
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esphagus, aorta, several nerves, and inferior vena cava
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what nerve provided the primary motor innervation to the diaphragm
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phrenic nerves
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five accessory muscles of inspiration?
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scalene muscles, sternocleidomastoid muscle, trapezius muscles, external intercostal, pectoralis major muscles
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function of the scalene muscle?
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flex neck
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function of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
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rotate head to opposite side
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function of the trapezium muscles?
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rotate scapula, raise shoulders, abduct flex arms
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function of external intercostal muscles?
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pull ribs downward and upward
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pectoralis major muscles
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bring the upper arm to the body in a hugging motion
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five accessory muscles of exhalation
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internal intercostal muscles, transversus abdominis muscles, internal abdominis muscles, rectus abdominis muscle, external abdominis abliquis muscles
hint: I TIRE |
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what muscles contract and pull the ribs down and in on exhalation?
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internal intercostal muscles
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