Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protiens And Nucleic Acids

Front 1

Define "Organic"

Back 1

Having properties associated with living organisms

Front 2

Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationship between monosaccharides, disaccarides and polysaccharides; fatty acids, glycerol and glycerides; amino acids, dipetides and polypeptides

Back 2

Two monosaccharides can be linked to form a disaccharide and more monosaccharides can be linked to a disaccharide to form a large molecule called a polysaccharide. Fatty acids can be linked to glycerol by condensation reaction to make lipids called glycerides. A max of three fatty acids can be linked to each glycerol, making it a triglyceride.

Front 3

List two examples for each monosaccharides, disaccharide and polysaccharides

Back 3

Monosaccharides-Glucose, Galactose and fructose
Disaccharides-Maltose, Lactose and Surose
Polysaccharides-Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose

Front 4

State one function of monosaccharides

Back 4

-Monosaccharides are the major source of fuel for metabolism, being used both as an energy source (glucose being the most important in nature) and in biosynthesis. When monosaccharides are not needed by cells they are quickly converted into another form, such as polysaccharides.

Front 5

State three functions of lipids

Back 5

Lipids can be used for energy storage in the form of fat in humans and oil in plants. Lipids can be used as heat insulation as fat under the skin reduces heat loss. Lipids allow buoyancy as they are less dense then water and so animals can float in water.

Front 6

State one function od Polysaccharides

Back 6

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates do not digest well, but they have important dietary elements for humans. They function as an energy source and enhance digestion. Other functions of polysaccharides are that it reduces sugar response after eating and normalizes blood lipid levels.

Front 7

Discuss the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storage.

Back 7

Carbohydrates are usually used for short term storage, unlike lipids that are usually stored for long term storage. Carbohydrates are soluble in water, unlike Lipids(making it easy to trasport them). Carbohydrates are more easily digested. Lipids are insoluble, making it difficult to transpost. Lipids also contain more energy

Front 8

Outline DNA nucleotide structure in terms of sugar (deoxyribose), base and phospate.

Back 8

A nucleotide is made of sugars deoxyribose, a base which can be adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine and a phosphate group

Front 9

State the names of the four bases in DNA

Back 9

Adenine, guanine, cytosine and Thymine (A, G, C and T)

Front 10

Outline how a DNA nucleotides are linked together by covalent bonds into a single strand

Back 10

A covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of another nucleotide.

Front 11

Explain how a DNA double helix is formed using complementary base paring and hydrogen bonds

Back 11

The sugar of one nucleotide forms a covalent bond with the phosphate group with another nucleotide. The two strands themselves are connected by hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonds are found between the bases of the two strands of nuceotide. Adenine forms hydrogen bonds with Thymine whereas Guanine forms hydrogen bonds with Cytosine, which is what complementary base paring is.

Front 12

Define "Monomer"

Back 12

A molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.

Front 13

Define "Dimer"|

Back 13

A molecule or molecular complex consisting of two identical molecules linked together.

Front 14

Define "Polymer"

Back 14

A substance which has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together, e.g. many synthetic organic materials used as plastics and resins.

Front 15

Compare and contrast "Saturated" vs. "Unsaturated" lipids

Back 15

A saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds and has hydrogen atoms filling all of the other bonding orbitals of the carbon atoms. Alkanes are an example of saturated compounds. An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively

Front 16

What are the common elements found in each macromolecules

Back 16

The biggest ones are Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen

Carbohydrates - carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O)

Proteins - carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), nitrogen(N), Sulphur (S)

Lipids - carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), nitrogen(N), and some others including Phosphorus (P)

Front 17

Do all 4 macromolecules have monomers, dimers and polymers

Back 17

Yes, because they all contain some part of each other.

Front 18

List examples of monomers, dimers and polymers for each applicable macromolecule

Back 18

Monomers=Fatty acids
Dimers=Oils
Polymers=Triglycerides

Front 19

Compare and contarst "isomers" of C6H1206

Back 19

Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula.

Front 20

Which type of macromolecules do "enzymes" belong to?

Back 20

Enzymes are generally protien molecules, but RNA can act as an enzyme as well (ribosomes)

Front 21

Explain why water is capable of dissolving many ionic and molecular compounds.

Back 21

Water molecules have particially charged atoms. Water is considered a polar molecule that surrounds the ion. That is a positive effect while oxygen forms the negative. When combined it creates a shield and dissolves the ion.

Front 22

Compare and contrast RNA and DNA

Back 22

The main difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar present in the molecules. While the sugar present in an RNA molecule is ribose, the sugar present in a molecule of DNA is deoxyribose. Deoxyribose is the same as ribose, except that the former has one more OH.

Front 23

Define "DNA"

Back 23

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material which is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

Front 24

Define "RNA"

Back 24

Ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.