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77 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Fungsi sell division di organisme multiseluler... |
- Perkembangan dari fertilized cell - Tumbuh - Perbaikan |
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Apa itu siklus sel? |
Hidup sebuah sel dari pembentukan hingga pembelahannya |
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What is gametes? |
Sperm and egg cells |
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What is genome? |
Semua DNA dalam cell |
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Genom terdiri dari apa? Di sell prokariot dan eukariot. |
Pro = single DNA molecule Eu = sejumlah DNA molecule |
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All the DNA in a cell is called... |
Genom |
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Apa itu kromosom? |
DNA molecules yang ter-package |
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DNA molecules in cell are packaged into... |
Kromosom |
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Sel somatik punya berapa set kromosom? |
2 set |
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Berapa jmlh kromosom sel gamet? |
Setengah dari jml kromosom sel somatik |
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Apa itu kromatin? |
Kompleks DNA dan protein. Kromatin membentuk kromosom. Kromosom membentuk sister kromatid. |
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In preparation for cell division, DNA is replicated and the chromosome ..... |
Condense |
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Each duplicated chromosome has ..... |
Two sister chromatids |
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What is sister chromatids? |
A chromosome and its duplication |
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Apa itu sentromer? |
Wilayah "pinggang" dmn sister chromatids are most closely attached |
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Wilayah dmn sister chromatids melekat paling rapat disebut... |
Sentromer |
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Eukariotik cell division consist of... |
- Mitosis, pembelahan nukleus - Sitokenesis, pembelahan sitoplasma |
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Pembelahan sel jenis meiosis menghasilkan... |
Gamet |
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Which daughter cells are identical with the parental cells? Mitosis or meiosis? |
Mitosis |
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Which one is the daugther cell have only one set of chromosome, half as many as the parent cell? Mitosis or meiosis? |
Meiosis |
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Siklus sel consists of... |
- Fase mitotik - Interphase |
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What it interphase? |
Cell growth, replicating its chromosomes in preparation for cell division |
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Interphase is about .... percent of the cell cycle |
90 |
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Subphases of interphase? |
- G1 phase (first gap) - S phase (synthesis) - G2 phase (second gap) |
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Among subphases of interphase, which subphase is the step when the cell grows? |
All of them (G1, S, G2) |
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Among subphases of interphase, which subphase is the step when the cell grows? |
Synthesis (S) |
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List 5 phases of mitosis! |
PMAT - Profase - Metafase (M for middle) - Anafase (A for away) - Telofase |
PMAT |
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When is sitokenesis? |
Late telophase |
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Apa itu mitotic spindle/gelendong mitotik? |
Apparatus microtubules yg mengontrol pergerakan kromosom selama mitosid |
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Apa itu sentrosom? |
Microtubule organizing center where spindle microtubules are assemblied *assembly = dirakit |
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How could there be two centrosome that migrate to opposite ends of the cell? |
Bcs the sentrosome replicated itself |
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Apa itu aster? |
Susunan radial mikrotubulus pendek yg membentang dari setiap sentrosom |
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During ....... phase, some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosome and begin to move the chromosome |
Prometafase |
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What does happen during prometaphase? |
Some spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of chromosome and begin to move the chromosome |
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What is metaphase plate? |
The midway point between the spindle's two poles, where chromosomes lined up |
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Seiring dengan pergerakan krosomosom oleh mikrotubulus, mikrotubulus juga ter ....... memendek di bagian .... dan melepaskan ... |
Terdepolimerisasi, ujung kinetokor, subunit tubulin |
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What do nonkinetochore microtubules do? |
From opposite poles, mereka overlap and push each other, memanjangkan sel |
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What is nuclei? |
Plural of nucleus |
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Di sel hewan, sitokenesis occurs by a process known as..., forming a... |
Cleavage (penyibakan), cleavage furrow (lekukan penyibakan) |
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Di sel tanaman, ... forms during sitokenesis |
Cell plate/lempeng sel |
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In plant cell cytokenesis, cell plate will be formed. Cell plate forms from... |
Vesicles that comes from golgi apparatus |
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Di sisi ....... lekukan penyibakan, terdapat ......... dari mikrofilamen yg berasosiasi dgn protein miosin |
Sitoplasmik, cincin kontraktil |
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Perbedaan sitokenesis di plant and animal cells? |
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What is binary fission (pembelahan biner)? |
Tipe sel divisi untuk prokariot (bakteri dan archae) |
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What is binary fission (pembelahan biner)? |
Tipe sel divisi untuk prokariot (bakteri dan archae) |
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Apa itu origin of replication/asal replikasi/origo replikasi? |
Daerah yg menjadi "kutub gelendong"nya pembelahan biner pada prokariot |
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Jelaskan bagaimana pembelahan biner itu! |
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Contoh yg membuktikan bahwa cell division berevolusi dari binary fission! |
Dinoflagellata (unisel protist): kromosom melekat ke nuclear envelope. Mikrotubulus menembus nukleus melalui terowongan sitoplasmik. Diatom dan khamir (unisel protists): kromosom tidak melekat ke nuclear envelope, tpi nuclear envelope ttp ada. Mikrotubulus membentuk gelendong di dalam nukleus. |
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The frequency of cell division bergantung jenis selnya. Perbedaan siklus sel ini result from.... |
Regulation at molecular level |
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Apa yg terjadi jika sebuah sel dari fase G1 digabungkan dengan sel dari fase M? |
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Jelaskan cell cycle control system! |
Akan ada checkpoint dmn siklus sel berhenti hingga ada go-ahead signal. G1 checkpoint biasanya penting di byk sel. Klo ada go-ahead signal di checkpoint G1, dia akan melewati checkpoint di G2 dan M dan kemudian membelah. Kalo suatu sel ga nerima go-ahead signal, dia akan keluar dri siklus dan switching into a nondividing state called G0 phase |
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Regulatory potein yg terlibat dan kontrol siklus sel! |
Siklin Cyclin dependent kinase (Cdk) Jika bergabung membentuk MPF (maturation-promoting factor) |
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Siklus sel regulatory protein yg triggers a cell's passage past the cekpoint di G2 into M phase disebut .... |
Maturation-promoting factor (MPF). Namun dpt kita anggap sebagai M-phase Promoting Factor |
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MPF fungsinya? |
Triggers cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into M phase (utama) Lainnya : - kondensasi kromoson - pembentukan gelendong saat profase |
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Kadar protein siklin naik selama fase... dan merosot tajam selama fase... |
S dan G2 M |
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Pada saat fase apa MPF memadamkan dirinya sendiri dengan menggradasi siklin? |
Anafase |
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Bagaimana cara MPF mendorong mitosis? |
Dgn memfosforilasi berbagai protein |
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Jelaskan secara singkat mekanisme yg meregulasi siklus sel! |
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Contoh sinyal internal yg bhubungan dgn checkpoint? |
Kinetokor not attached to spindle microtubules send a molecular signal that delays anaphase |
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Contoh sinyal eksternal yg bhbungan dengan cekpoints! |
- Growth factor - Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulates the division of human fibrolast cells - Density-dependent inhibition, in which crowded cells stop dividing - Anchorage dependence (ketergantungan tambatan), in which mereka harus nempel di suatu subtratㅡmisalnya matriks ekstraselular jaringanㅡuntuk dapat membelah. Dimiliki sel hewan |
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Sel kanker tidak memiliki density dependent inhibition dan anchorage dependence. Why? |
Krn sel kanker adalah uncontrolled cell growth, sel2 menumpuk. Artinya tidak ada inhibitor thd densitas sel yg menumpuk. Juga tidak anchorage dependence. Lih gambar. Sel2 harus melekat ke bagian bawah wadah utk dapat membelah (anchorage dependence). Tpi sel kanker ttp dapat membelah walau tdk melekat pada bagian bawah wadah. |
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Apa itu transformation? |
Proses perubahan normal sel menjadi sel kanker |
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Proses perubahan sel normal menjadi sel kanker disebut... |
Transformation |
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Cancer cells form... |
Tumors |
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Apa itu benign tumor/tumor jinak? |
Jika sel2 abnormal ttp berada di tempatnya (tdk menyebar luas) |
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Apa itu tumor ganas (malignant tumor) |
Tumor yg dapat metastasize, yaitu exporting cancer cells to othe parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors. *metastasize = metastasis |
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Apa itu gen? |
Unit hereditas, membentuk DNA |
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Genes are passed to the next generation trough reproductive cells called... |
Gametes |
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Apa itu lokus? |
Lokasi spesifik gen dalam kromosom |
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Lokasi spesifik suatu gen dalam Kromosom disebut.... |
Lokus |
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Reproduksi aseksual menggunakan jenis reproduksi apa? |
Mitosis |
Mitosis or meiosis |
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Apa itu klona/clone? |
Sekelompok individu yg identik secara genetik akibat mitosis |
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Sekelompok individu yg identik secara genetik akibat mitosis disebut... |
Clone/klona |
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Generation-to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism is... |
Life cycle |
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Human somatic cells have ..... pairs of chromosome |
23 |
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Tampilan susunan pasangan kromosom sebuah sel disebut... |
Kariotipe/karyotype |
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Apa itu kariotipe/karyotype? |
Tampilan susunan pasangan kromosom sebuah sel |
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