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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When can you use kinematics |
Kinematics can only be used when acceleration is constant |
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What is a Vector? |
A quantity that possess both magnitude and direction. |
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What is a scalar ? |
A quantity which only possesses a magnitude . |
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What is vector notation |
The written form of vectors |
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Explain polar vector notation |
In this notation we specify a vector’s magnitude r, r - 0, and its angle with the positive x-axis, between 0 ° 360 °. |
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Explain Cartesian vector notation |
When a unit vector in space is expressed, with Cartesian notation, as a linear combination of (i, j, k)
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What are vector components |
The X,Y, and Z scalar portions of a Unit vector |
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What is a Dot product |
The dot product is a value expressing the angular relationship between two vectors. -The dot product is THE COSINE OF the sum of the products of each component pairs of the two vectors -Gives you the angle between 2 vectors - positive if the two vectors are pointing in similar directions, zero if they are perpendicular ORTHOGONAL , and negative if the two vectors are pointing in nearly opposite directions |
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WHAT IS A CROSS PRODUCT |
The product of two real vectors in three dimensions GIVES YOU MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION OF THE RESULTING VECTOR which is at a right angle to the two original vector. |
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What Causes Friction |
Molecular adhesion, surface roughness, and deformations |
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What is Static Friction |
The friction that exists between a stationary object and the surface on which it's resting. the object will remain stationary until the applied force reaches a threshold greater than the coefficient of static friction of said object
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Kinetic Friction |
A force that acts between moving surfaces. An object that is being moved over a surface will experience a force in the opposite direction as its movement. The magnitude of the force depends on the coefficient of kinetic friction between the two kinds of material
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Coefficient of Friction |
The ratio between the force necessary to move one surface horizontally over another and the pressure between the two surfaces.
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Describe terminal Velocity of an object falling through a fluid or gas |
The highest velocity attainable by an object as it falls through a fluid (air is the most common example, but the concept applies equally to any fluid). It occurs when the sum of the drag force (Fd) and the buoyancy is equal to the downward force of gravity (FG) acting on the object. Since the net force on the object is zero, the object has zero acceleration.
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Mechanical Work |
The amount of energy transferred by a force. Like energy, it is a scalar quantity, with SI units of joules. Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopic-ally measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions.
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Describe the force on an object from a spring |
The force exerted by a spring on objects attached to its ends is proportional to the spring's change in length away from its equilibrium length and is always directed towards its equilibrium position.
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Discuss the work Kinetic energy theorem |
The work W done by the net force on a particle equals the change in the particle's kinetic energy
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What is power |
Power is the rate of doing work. It is the amount of energy consumed per unit time. Having no direction, it is a scalar quantity. In the SI system, the unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), known as the watt in honor of James Watt, the eighteenth-century developer of the steam engine.
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What is Potential Energy |
Potential energy is energy which results from position or configuration of an object
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Gravitational Potential Energy |
The energy an object possesses because of its position in a gravitational field.
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What is a Conservative force |
A conservative force is a force for which the work done in moving between two points A and B is independent of the path taken between the two points. The implication of "conservative" in this context is that you could move it from A to B by one path and return to A by another path with no net loss of energy - any closed return path to A takes net zero work.
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Explain the law of conservation Energy |
"Energy can neither be created nor destroyed". only transformed another approach is to say that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant.
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Energy |
The Capacity to do work |
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Law of conservation of Momentum |
The momentum of an isolated system is a constant. The vector sum of the momenta (mv) of all the objects of a system cannot be changed by interactions within the system. If one part of the system is given a momentum in a given direction, then some other part or parts of the system must simultaneously be given exactly the same momentum in the opposite direction. As far as we can tell, conservation of momentum is an absolute symmetry of nature. That is, we do not know of anything in nature that violates it.
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What happens to a an object only subjected to conservative forces |
The energy of an object which is subject only to that conservative force is dependent upon its position and not upon the path by which it reached that position.
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Discuss Perfectly Elastic Collisions |
An elastic collision is defined as one in which both conservation of momentum and conservation of kinetic energy are observed. This implies that there is no dissipative force acting during the collision and that all of the kinetic energy of the objects before the collision is still in the form of kinetic energy afterward.
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Discuss Inelastic Collisions |
Generally inelastic Collisions and do not conserve kinetic energy, though of course the total energy is conserved as required by the general principle of conservation of energy. The extreme inelastic collision is one in which the colliding objects stick together after the collision.
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What happens in a Ballistic Pendulum |
The ballistic pendulum is a classic example of a dissipative collision in which conservation of momentum can be used for analysis, but conservation of energy during the collision cannot be invoked because the energy goes into inaccessible forms such as internal energy. After the collision, conservation of energy can be used in the swing of the combined masses upward, since the gravitational potential energy is conservative.
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Discuss the center of mass of a system |
The center of mass is the point at which all the mass can be considered to be "concentrated" The concept of the center of mass is that of an average of the masses factored by their distances from a reference point. In one plane, that is like the balancing of a seesaw about a pivot point with respect to the torques produced.
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Discuss the motion of a system of particle and their CM |
Assuming no particles enter or leave the system .The center of mass of a system of particles of combined mass M moves like an equivalent particle of mass M would move under the influence of the resultant external force on the system.
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Discuss Angular vs Linear Quantities |
The direction of angular quantity vectors points perpendicular to the plane of the motion. You can determine this direction using the right hand rule.The direction of linear quantities such as velocity and momentum change as an object moves in a circle. The units of angular quantities are per radian, a measurement of angle, rather than per linear distance (e.g. meter).
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The Moment of Inertia |
Moment of inertia is the name given to rotational inertia, the rotational analog of mass for linear motion. It appears in the relationships for the dynamics of rotational motion. The moment of inertia must be specified with respect to a chosen axis of rotation
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Define Torque |
A torque is an influence which tends to change the rotational motion of an object. One way to quantify a torque is
Torque = Force applied x lever arm The lever arm is defined as the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of the force. |
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Newton's Second law of rotation |
The relationship between the net external torque and the angular acceleration is of the same form as Newton's second law which says the acceleration of an object is dependent upon the net external force applied in this case torque and is sometimes called Newton's second law for rotation. It is not as general a relationship as the linear one because the moment of inertia is not strictly a scalar quantity.
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What is Newton's first law |
An object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
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What is Newton's second law |
The Acceleration of an object is dependent on the force of that object |
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What is Newton's Third law |
All forces in the universe occur in equal but oppositely directed pairs. There are no isolated forces; for every external force that acts on an object there is a force of equal magnitude but opposite direction which acts back on the object which exerted that external force.
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Conservation of Angular momentum |
The angular momentum of an isolated system remains constant in both magnitude and direction. The angular momentum is defined as the product of the moment of inertia I and the angular velocity. The angular momentum is a vector quantity and the vector sum of the angular momenta of the parts of an isolated system is constant.
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Pascal's Law |
A pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined in-compressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.
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Archimedes Principle |
The buoyant force on a submerged object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced. This principle is useful for determining the volume and therefore the density of an irregularly shaped object by measuring its mass in air and its effective mass when submerged in water .
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What does the equation of continuity tell you? |
When a fluid is in motion, it must move in such a way that mass is conserved.
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How is Bernoulli's equation used |
Bernoulli's equation relates the pressure, speed, and height of any two points (1 and 2) in a steady streamline flowing fluid of a certain density . it is often used to find gauge pressure.
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What is Bernoulli's Principle |
An increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy
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0th law of thermodynamics |
If two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
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1st Law of thermodynamics |
The internal energy of a system is equal to the heat added minus work done by the system |
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2nd Law of thermodynamics |
It is impossible to devise a cyclically operating device, the sole effect of which is to absorb energy in the form of heat from a single thermal reservoir and to deliver an equivalent amount of work. This implies that it is impossible to build a heat engine that has 100% thermal efficiency.
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Thermal contact |
A thermodynamic system is said to be in thermal contact with another system if it can exchange energy through the process of heat.
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Thermal equilibrium |
The condition under which two substances in physical contact with each other exchange no heat energy. Two substances in thermal equilibrium are said to be at the same temperature
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Equation of state |
An equation showing the relationship between the values of the pressure, volume, and temperature of a quantity of a particular substance.
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What is Heat |
Heat may be defined as energy in transit from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. An object does not possess "heat"; the appropriate term for the microscopic energy in an object is internal energy. The internal energy may be increased by transferring energy to the object from a higher temperature (hotter) object - this is properly called heating
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Internal energy |
Internal energy is defined as the energy associated with the random, disordered motion of molecules. It is separated in scale from the macroscopic ordered energy associated with moving objects; it refers to the invisible microscopic energy on the atomic and molecular scale.
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Temperature |
The average kinetic energy of the of the particle within a system |
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Specific Heat |
The amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius.
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Latent heat |
The heat required to convert a solid into a liquid or vapor, or a liquid into a vapor, without change of temperature.
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Stages of heating |
Bring sold to melting point- raise temperature to melt solid- bring the liquid to boiling point-raise temperature until completely vaporized |
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Stages of cooling |
refrigerate until gas condenses to liquid- refrigerate until water freezes |
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State variable |
temperature, pressure, volume, internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy.
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Transfer Variable |
Material, cross-sectional area, and thickness |
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Adiabatic Process |
Is one that occurs without transfer of heat or matter between a thermodynamic system and its surroundings.
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Isothermal process |
Temperature held constant |
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What is a Force |
Any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object
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What is Weight |
The force of gravity on the object and may be defined as the mass times the acceleration of gravity
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Tension |
The pulling force transmitted axially by means of a string, cable, chain, or similar one-dimensional continuous object, or by each end of a rod, truss member, or similar three-dimensional object .
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Normal Force |
Is the support force exerted upon an object that is in contact with another stable object
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Describe Uniform Circular Motion |
Uniform circular motion can be described as the motion of an object in a circle at a constant speed. As an object moves in a circle, it is constantly changing its direction. At all instances, the object is moving tangent to the circle.
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