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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main features of foraging?
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AKA: Hunting-gathering
- Mobility - Use of nature's resources - most egalitarian - live in bands *Foraging survived mainly in environments unfavorable to food production |
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Horticulture
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AKA: Slash-burning, shifting cultivation, dry farming
- Fallow period - Terracing - Irrigation - Bigger population *Cultivation that does not make intensive use of land, labor, capital, or machinery * Simple tools, shifting cultivation * Most steady for food production |
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Agriculture
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AKA: Intensive farming
- Continuous use of land, intensive use of labor *Cultivation that involves intensive and continuous use of land *Use of domesticated animals, irrigation, and/or terracing |
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Pastoralism
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AKA: Herding
- Nomadism and tranhumance - small group moving with animals *Economies based on domesticated animal herds |
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approximately how long ago were all humans foragers?
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10,000 BP
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How would you define mode of production?
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the social ways of organizing production - a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, and knowledge
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What are means of production?
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land, labor, and technology
- time - capital |
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What is alienation in industrial economies? How is this illustrated by the example of female factory workers in Malaysia?
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work and the workplace are separated- alienated- from one's social essence
Rather than expressing an ongoing, mutual social relationship, labor becomes a thing to be paid for, bought and sold - from which the boss can generate an individual profit Remember the women in Malaysia* - ware tiger spiritual possession as an unconscious protest |
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What are the three forms of exchange or distribution?
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market principle, redistribution, reciprocity
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Market principle
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Items are bought and sold, value is determined by supply and demand, bargaining
Goal is to maximize profit * Anthro. demonstrates that people are not always motivated by the desire to maximize profit; concept is not universal |
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Redistribution
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Goods move from local level to a center, usually through a hierachry of officials who may consume some of goods
Ex. Taxes |
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Reciprocity
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governs exchange between social equals (3 types)
1. Generalized reciprocity 2. Balanced reciprocity 3. Negative reciprocity |
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Generalized reciprocity
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purest form of reciprocity; exchanges between closely related people
EX. Parent & Child or Boyfriend & Girlfriend |
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Balanced reciprocity
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social distance increases, as does the need to reciprocate
EX. birthday gifts to friends or inviting friend to dinner |
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Negative reciprocity
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social distance is greatest and reciprocation is most calculated.
Full of ambiguity and distrust, may involve trickery; coercion. EX. Craiglist scams or trading items online |
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How does the potlatch work? What is the cultural ecological view of the potlatch?
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- competitive feast among Indians on the North Pacific Coast of N. America
- festive event within a regional exchange system among tribes - viewed as an adaptation to alternating periods of local abundance and shortage; distributed food and wealth to needy community |
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How is the potlatch similar to and different from the Zapotec güelaguetza (from film)?
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They also share resources
Since potlatch is for Different: Zapotec's food is always redistributed and everyone in the community come together to bring something versus only one person bringing something to the potlatch Similar: Both brought prestige to the host |
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How does the tanda (rotating savings and credit association) work? Why participate?
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- rotating credit association; a core of participants who agree to make regular contributions to a fund which is given in whole or part to each contributer
Ex. Haitians (mom and dad) participating in "Reso" - collecting money each Friday and distributing the funds each week to a participant in the group. -Helps w/ savings and you can get money quicker, if needed |
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Explain the link between food production and social/political complexity.
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Food production leads to larger population. This leads to mor complex economies. These features leads to reglatory problems and more complex relations and linkages
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What different types of leaders did we discuss in class? How do they establish their authority and resolve conflicts?
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First among equals: found in bands, usually elders; gives advise but cant enforce decisions
Village head: found in tribe; leads by example; no formal authority Big Man: leads more than 1 village in tribes; always a man; achieve through accumulation of wealth, generosity and supernatural power Chiefs: found in chiefdom; ascribed status; diff. access to resources based on status Formal gov't: found in states; clear class division; stratification (economic, political, and social) |
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What is socioeconomic class? How much influence does it have in various types of societies?
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Not sure?
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How common is the nuclear family?
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widespread but not universal
common in foragers and industrial societies |
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What are the benefits of extended families?
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definition: when household has three or more generations living in it
- greater pool of resources - sharing of resources - financial help within household |
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Which are more common in industrial societies, nuclear or extended families? Why?
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Nuclear families are more common
- because mobility due to job locations after marriage and this group is not tied to their land |
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What is a parallel cousin? A cross cousin? Why would a society make this distinction?
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Parallel cousin: cousins who's parent is of the same sex as "Ego's" mom or dad
Ex. Your mom's sister's kids Cross cousin: cousins who's parents are of a different sex from "Ego's" mom or dad Ex. Your mom's brother's kids * In some societies marriage is permitted/allowed between cross cousins because they may be considered distant relatives |
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Do all societies recognize the same categories of relatives? Why or why not?
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No
Because, each society and/or culture group identify relatives differently This can be based on closeness * Know the different Kinship groups |
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What are the benefits associated with exogamy? Endogamy?
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Exogamy (seeking mate outside of one's own group) : forces people to create and maintain a wide social network
Endogamy (mating within a group to which one belongs) : keep riches within own caste system (Ex. India, is an extreme example) |
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What are some features of marriage, which rights and relationships does it establish?
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• Based on one or more of the following:
o Establish children’s legal father or mother o Give either/both spouses a monopoly over the sexuality of the other o Give either/both spouses rights to the labor of the other o Give either/both spouses rights over the other’s property o Establish joint fund of property to benefit children o Establish a socially significant relationships between spouses and their relatives |
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Anthropologists view marriage as a mechanism to establish social and economic alliances. What does this mean, and how is it different from “popular” ideas about marriage in US society?
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Some marry for various reasons outside the romantic aspect, for example
1. In Sudan, Nuer women could marry other women for patrilineage to survive; his daughter will stand as a "son", if he has no sons 2. Keeping two kingdoms together |
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What are some examples of same-sex marriage around the world?
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In Sudan, Nuer women
In Nigeria, Igbo women - to keep riches among the women, since they were wealthy within the market place |
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How are bridewealth and dowry different? What effects does each have on the status of women?
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Bridewealth: (Iobola) a customary gift before, at, or after marriage from the husband and his kin to the wife and her kin
* Women's status is higher in this case Dowry: substantial gifts to husbands' family from wife's group * Women's status is lower in this case |
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What are some reasons for polygyny?
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Having more than one wife
- Increase prestige - Increase household productivity - To have children if first wife is infertile |
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To which situations does polyandry appear to be a cultural adaptation?
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It's a cultural adaptation to mobility associated with customary male travel for trade, commerce and military operations
- this ensures there will be at least one man at home to accomplish make activities of labor - form of birth control |
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Kinship charts: Know the basic features of the kinship systems discussed in class (Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Omaha, Crow).
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N/A
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Which is most like the kinship system in North America?
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Eskimo Kinship chart
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Which distinguish between gender and generation?
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Generation: Eskimo, Hawaiian and Iroquois
Gender: ? |
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Which are most simple/most elaborate?
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Most simple: Hawaiian
Most elaborate: Iroquois |
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Which recognize the importance of parallel and/or cross cousins?
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Iroquois Kinship chart
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What is the difference between sex and gender? Why would this distinction be important to an anthropologist?
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Sex: biological differences
Gender: cultural construction of male & female characteristics (social) * Gender is flexible and there may be more than two recognized genders in given society * sex is universal while gender depends on social , cultural, political and economical factors |
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What is the “third” (or fourth or fifth…) gender? What are some examples? How are they viewed in different places?
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Individuals who are considered neither women or men; social categories in societies that recognize 3 or more genders
1. Sworn virgins: opt to live as men in Albania when not enough men in the family 2. Hijras in India & Pakistan: hermaphrodite; female soul in men's body; provide blessings; ridiculed but feared 3. Fa'afafine in Polynesia: men that took on women roles in society; some were drag queens; widely acceptable though some did not like the dressing up like a female aspect of it |
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What are some major gendered patterns in the area of work/labor around the world?
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• Female labor predominates in domestic activities and child care
• Women tend to work more hours (subsistence + domestic activities) than men |
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What is the domestic/public dichotomy? What implications does it have and why is it an important analytical construct?
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- contrast between women's role in the home and men's role in public life, with a corresponding social devaluation of women''s work and worth
- Public activities frequently are more prestigious – this promotes gender stratification; gender status is less equal; shows certain roles are sex-linked |
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Which societies are the most/least gender egalitarian, and why?
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Not sure?
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Why is domestic violence (and other forms of violence against women) more common in patrilocal-patrilineal societies?
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women are the "endangered sex"
political system is ruled by males in which women have inferior social and political status, including fewer basic human rights Men in patrilineal societies are big on welfare and male supremacy. Males use their public roles in these societies to show prestige and to devalue and oppress women |
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What is anthropology’s view on sexual orientation? What kinds of variation do we see in sexual practices worldwide?
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- Anthropologist feel that erotic expression are in someways learned and culturally constructed. Norms vary across culture and so do views on different practices
- a person's habitual sexual attraction to, and activities with person of opposite sex, same sex or both sexes, also the lack of attraction to any sex |
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Which violent practices are associated with patriarchal systems?
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dowry murders
female infanticide clitoridectomy |
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Which types of societies are more likely to be egalitarian? More stratified?
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Egalitarian- Foragers; small; bands
Stratified - states; industrialized; densely populated |
