Biopsych Exam 1

Front 1

Anatomy of a Neuron

Back 1

Dendrites, Soma (Cell body), Myelin Sheath, Axon, Axon Terminal, Terminal Button.

Front 2

What happens when an Action Potential reaches a Terminal Button?

Back 2

the TB secretes hormones or Neurochemicals which is recieve by dendrites of another cell.

Front 3

Corpus Collosum

Back 3

Connects the 2 halves of the Cortex. Mostly white matter (⬆Cholesterol and Fat), Heavily Mylenated (Very fast transfer of material).

Front 4

What is the Optic Chiasm?

Back 4

Where the Optic nerves from the left eye's left visual field and the right eye's right visual field cross to other sides of the Brain.

Front 5

Which Hemisphere is the Brocca's area located?

Back 5

Left

Hint 5

Language

Front 6

What retinal field does the the Left visual field hit.

Back 6

right retinal field

Hint 6

Rt or Left

Front 7

Which are of the brains visual stimuli illict a the most activity from?

Back 7

The visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Hint 7

Back of the brain.

Front 8

Which are is responsible for facial recognition?

Back 8

The Fusiform gyrus

Front 9

Which area of the brain is responsible for memory consolodation?

Back 9

Hippocampus

Front 10

What is the Peripheral Nervous System?

Back 10

This deals with everywhere away away from the brain. Muscle Movement. Autonomic and Somatic. Nerves (Axons), Ganglia (Soma).

Hint 10

Not the Central N.S.

Front 11

What is the Central Nervous System?

Back 11

The Brain and Spinal Cord. Inside of Bones.
Tracts (Axons), Nuclei (Soma)

Front 12

How man Spinal nerves are there?

Back 12

31 pairs

Front 13

How many Cranial Nerves are there?

Back 13

12 pairs

Front 14

Corticospinal Tract

Back 14

Originates in the Precentral Gyrus of the frontal lobe --> Ventral Horn cells (VHC) in Spinal cord.

Front 15

Where does decussation occur?

Back 15

Medulla Oblangata

Front 16

Spinothalamic tract

Back 16

Originates in spinal cord ---> VentroPosterioLateral (VPL) nucleus of the Thalamus. Projects to the Postcentral gyrus of Perietal Lobe.

Front 17

Autonomic N.S. (peripheral)

Back 17

Automatic, Organs, "Instincts"/Reflexes, NE (Norepinephrine) and ACh(Acetylcholine).
Hypothalamus.

Front 18

Doral side of Spinal Tract.

Back 18

ASCENDING: Responsible for sending stimulus up to the brains. Sensory information

Front 19

Somatic N.S. (Peripheral)

Back 19

Controlled, Skeletal Muscles, Skin/Joint/Muscle. ACh.

Front 20

What two parts is the Autonomis NS split into

Back 20

Synpathetic and Parasympathetic

Front 21

Sympathetic NS (Autonomic)

Back 21

Thoracic/Lumbar.
Chain Ganglion.
Short-Pre/Long-Post.
ACh at Ganglion
NE at Target Organ

Front 22

Parasympathetic NS (Autonomic)

Back 22

Cranio/Sacral.
Vagus Nerve.
Long pre/Short post.
Anabolic.
ACh at ganglion.
ACh at Target organ.

Front 23

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Back 23

1. Olfactory
2. Optic
3. OculorMotor
4. Trochlear
5. Trugeminal
6. Abducens
7. Facial
8. Vestibulocochlear (Acoustic)
9. Glossopharyngeal
10. Vagus
11. Spinal Accessory
12. Hypoglossal

Hint 23

OOOTTAFAGVSH

Front 24

Olfactory (CN1)

Back 24

Afferent (Senesory).
Bulb (ganglion).
Nerve.
Tract.
Septum/amygdala.

Front 25

Optic (CN2)

Back 25

Afferent.
LGN of Thalamus.
Optic Radiation to Occipital lobe.
Gangliom cell axons.

Front 26

What 3 CN are involves with eye movement?

Back 26

CN 3, 4, 6
Occulomotor; Trochlear; Abducens

Front 27

Occulomotor (CN3)

Back 27

Efferent (Movement).
Eye movement and focusing.
[Mes] -> inf Rectus/med -> Rec/Sup -> Rec/Inf -> [Oblique]

Front 28

Troclear (CN4)

Back 28

Efferent.
Eye Movement.
Mes -> Sup. Oblique

Front 29

Abducens

Back 29

Efferent.
Eye Movement.
Pons ->Lat Rectus

Front 30

What area of the brain is responsible for linking smell with an immediate emotional response.

Back 30

Amygdala

Hint 30

CN1

Front 31

Abducens (CN6)

Back 31

Efferen.
Eye Movement.
Pons -> Lat Rectus

Front 32

Trigeminal (CN5)

Back 32

Afferent/Efferent.
Sensory Forehead.
Motor Jaw
Pons

Front 33

Facial (CN7)

Back 33

Afferent/Efferent
Facial expression
Salivation
Anterior Tongue Taste
Pons

Front 34

Vestibulocochlear (CN8)

Back 34

Afferent.
Auditory from cochlea.
Superior Olive.
MGN of Thalamus
Auditory radiontions ->Superior gyrus of temporal lobe.

Front 35

Vestibular branch.

Back 35

Semicircular canals.
Responsible for Action Potential caused from auditory stimuli.
Responsible for posture, balance, equilibrium.

Hint 35

connected to CN8

Front 36

Reptilian Brain

Back 36

Most basic brain structure.
Brain Stem (Old Brain).
Low Plasticity.

Front 37

Neomammalian Brain

Back 37

Neocortex.
What makes us human.
Higher level of Plasticity.

Front 38

Paleomammilian Brain

Back 38

Limbic System
Old Mammals
More sophisticated memory and emotions.

Front 39

Parts of the Encephalon:

Back 39

Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
-telecephalon
-diecephalon
Mesencephalon (Between Brain)
Rhombenencephalon (Hindbrain)
-metecephalon
-mylencephalon

Hint 39

All terms, Umbrella and Stem structures

Front 40

Parts of the Prosenchephalon:

Back 40

Telecephalon
Diecephalon

Front 41

Parts of Rhombencephalon

Back 41

Metecephalon
Mylencephalon

Front 42

Myelencephalon
(Medulla)

Back 42

CN 8-12
Survival reflexes (Coughing, Swallowing, Gagging)
Ascending Sensory tracts
Descending Motor tracts

Hint 42

Bottom of Hindbrain

Front 43

Structures in Metecephalon

Back 43

Pons (Bridge)
Cerebellum (Little Brain)

Hint 43

Middle of old brain.

Front 44

Pons Functions/Features

Back 44

CN 5-7 (Face; Eye; Jaw)
Ascending and Descending tracts
Extremely Divergent
Raphes Nucleus (Seam)
Locus Coeruleus (Blue Spot)

Front 45

Raphe's Nucleus (Seam)

Back 45

Reponsible for sleep.
Release of Seretonin.
Extremely Divergent.

Front 46

Locus Coeruleus (Blue Spot)

Back 46

Responsible for wakefulness.
Extremely Divergent.

Front 47

What connects the pons to the Cerebellum?

Back 47

Cerebral Peduncle

Front 48

What seperates then Cerebellum from the Pons?

Back 48

4th Ventricle

Front 49

Cerebellum Features/Functions

Back 49

Involuntary Motor Coordination
-Fine quick motor skill
Integration of sensory to refine voluntary.
Sensory/Motor Learning
Structural changes w/Classical Conditioning.

Hint 49

Little Brain

Front 50

Pons Reticular Formation

Back 50

As axons travel through the pons they become more net-like (reticular) and then go back together into regular axons again.

Front 51

Mesencephalon Functions/Features

Back 51

Mostly Reflexive
Visual & Auditory
Reinforcement (ICSS)
Extra Pyramjdal Motor system
Dorsal tectum
Ventral Tegmentum

Front 52

What is the Ventral Tegmentum

Back 52

Like the Nucleus of the brain.
Contains the Red Nucleus and Substantia Nigra (Dopamine).
Smooth out motor coordination (Things like Posture, Balance, Walking).

Front 53

What does damage to Nigra Substantia lead to?

Back 53

Parkinson's
Treated w/L Dopamine injections

Front 54

Substantia Nigra (SN) pathway

Back 54

SN -> Basal Ganglia

Front 55

Red Nucleus

Back 55

Red when stained
Releases Dopamine

Front 56

Dorsal Tectum substructures:

Back 56

Superior Colliculus
Inferior Colliculus
Cerebral aqueducts
Periaqueductal Gray

Front 57

Superior Colliculus

Back 57

More reflexive visual funtions (pupil dilation)
Frogs have +Axons going to SC then Humans.

Front 58

Inferior Colliculus

Back 58

Auditory reflexes (Startle response)

Front 59

Cerebral Aqueducts

Back 59

Carries cerebral spinal fluid

Front 60

ICSS

Back 60

InterCranial Self Stim.
Self rewarding aspects,
anticipatory dopamine release -> drives action
We "do" things because of ICSS

Front 61

Diecephalon Subparts

Back 61

Hypothalamus
Thalamus

Hint 61

In Prosencephalon, located below Telencephalon.

Front 62

Hypothalamus

Back 62

Controls ANS and Pituitary
" E Cycles, Arousal, Growth Hormone
Mostly its own regulator
Subparts:
-Mamalry Memory Body (MMB)
-LH
-VMH

Front 63

MMB

Back 63

Mamalry Memory Body
Memory development
[Korsakoff - Alcoholic see problems with MMB develope)

Front 64

LH

Back 64

Lateral Hypothalamus
Eating, having sex. (Pleasure)
-A lesion here would leads to disorders like anorexia.

Front 65

VMH

Back 65

VentroMedial Hypothalamus
Satiety
-A lesion here would lead to overeating and weight gain.

Front 66

Thalamus structures

Back 66

VPL
MGN
LGN
Plays central role in alertness and awareness

Front 67

VPL

Back 67

Ventral Posterior Lateral
Afferents from spinal cord
Efferent to CN 3, 2, 1.
-@ CN 1-3 we become aware of our human body.

Hint 67

Human Awareness

Front 68

MGN

Back 68

Medial Geniculate Nucleus
Afferents from inferior colliculus
Efferents 41, 42 (Via Auditory)

Front 69

LGN

Back 69

Later Geniculate Nucleus
Visual Pathways
Optic tracts AfferenOptic travt eferents to 17, 18, 19
Blindsight

Front 70

Telecephalon

Back 70

Basal Ganglia
(nigro striatal DA pathway)
Limbic System
Cortex

Front 71

Limbic Systen

Back 71

Memory and raw emotion (extremes)
Hippocampus
MMB
Septum
Amygdala
Fornix
Cungulate Gyrus

Front 72

Basal Ganglia

Back 72

Caudate Nucleus Putanem
Substantia Nigra
Global Pallidus
Link Thalamus with Motor Cortex.
Responsible for the initiation of Movement, Balance, Eyemovements, Posture.

Front 73

Amygdala

Back 73

Fear and Pleasure
Fear-Learning

Front 74

Septum

Back 74

Severing septum removes the pelasure center and results in rage.

Front 75

Cingulate Gyrus

Back 75

Linked with many neg affect (e.g. Depression)

Front 76

Hippocampus

Back 76

Important for Long Term Memory formation.
LTP - Long Term Pretencities

Front 77

Cortex

Back 77

Most of brains Mass
4 Lobes:
1. Occipital
2. Temporal
3. Frontal
4. Parietal

Hint 77

4 lobes

Front 78

Sulci/Gyri

Back 78

Sulci are fissures in between Gyri
The Central sulcus divides Prefrontal-Parietal
Lateral Fissure divides Frontal (Parietal?) - Temporal

Front 79

What are Brodmann's areas?

Back 79

52 distinct cell patterns of varying thickness between 6 layer.
1-4 SomatoSensroy
17-19 Occipital

Front 80

Frontal Lobe Feat/Functions

Back 80

What makes us human.
Perception, Face recognition, object recognition, memory aquisition, Language, Emotional reactions.
DLPFC/DMPFC.
Brocas area.

Front 81

Broca's Area

Back 81

Control over the ability to have language.
44/45
Damage leads to Apasia

Front 82

Occipital Lobe

Back 82

Brodmans 17, 18, 19 (Striate to extrastriate)
Visual action potentials follow a 1:1:1 pathway from retinal fields -> LGN through Cortex
send informatuon out to fusiform gyrus to process "what/who" we r looking at.

Front 83

Parietal Lobe Functions/Features

Back 83

Brodmanns 3->1->2 (Primary somatosensory area)
Somatosenzory Homunculus
Inegrates visual information of what we are seeing and where everthing is.
Integrates many sensory inputs into a working map of our environment.

Front 84

Damage to the parietal lobe?

Back 84

Can cause hemispheral neglect.
Oliver Sax

Front 85

Temporal Lobe

Back 85

Brodmanns 41, 42 - Primary auditory Recieving areas (Superior Gyrus) - cochleotopic (tonotopic) organization.
Werbiches Area
Ventral Visual pathways -> Inferior Fusiform Gyrus
Olfaction and Emotiom via Amygdala
Memory via Hippocampus

Front 86

Brodmanns 41 (B41)

Back 86

Allows people to hear "human" sound.
Damage -> Can here tones and tonal patterns, cannot hear "human sound". (Still hear sound at basic level and have startled response. The brain just can't interpret it so it "isn't heard")

Front 87

B42

Back 87

Allows us to make out tonal patterns

Front 88

Inferior Fusiform Gyrus (B20)

Back 88

Part of the Ventral Visual Pathway
Allows us to interpret visual stimuli with What/Who we are looking at.

Front 89

Werniches Area (B22)

Back 89

Understanding "What" you hear. Connects to Broca's Area.

Front 90

Lateral Rectus

Back 90

Orbit Muscle allow eye movement