Biopsych Test 1

Front 1

Peripheral NS

Back 1

Located outside the skull and spine

Bring info into the CNS and carry signals out of the CNS

Front 2

PNS

Made up of 2 NS:

Back 2

Somatic NS:

Afferent nerves (sensory)

Efferent nerves (motor)

Autonomic NS:

Sympathetic nerves (fight/flight)

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Front 3

Sympathetic Nerves

Back 3

Fight/flight

Thoracic and lumbar (middle of spine)

Second stage neurons are far from target organs

Front 4

Parasympathetic Nerves

Back 4

Rest and digest

Cranial and sacral (top and bottom of spine)

Second stage neurons are close to target organs

Front 5

3 Meninges

Back 5

Dura mater (tough outer membrane)

Arachnoid membrane (web-like)

Pia mater (adheres to CNS surface)

Front 6

CSF

Back 6

Cerebrospinal fluid - serves as a cushion

Front 7

Chemical Protection for the Brain

Back 7

Blood-brain barrier ( tightly packed cells of brain's blood vessel walls prevent the entry of many molecules)

Front 8

Neurons

Back 8

Specialized cells that receive, and transmit electrochemical signals

Front 9

Cell membrane

Back 9

Semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron

Front 10

Dendrites

Back 10

The short processes emanating from the cell body, which receive most of the synaptic contacts from other neurons

Front 11

Axon

Back 11

The long, narrow process that projects from the cell body

Front 12

Axon hillock

Back 12

The cone shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body

Front 13

Cell body

Back 13

The metabolic center of the neuron, also called the Soma

Front 14

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 14

The gaps between sections of myelin

Front 15

Terminal buttons

Back 15

The button like endings of the axon branches, which release chemicals into synapses

Front 16

Synapses

Back 16

The gaps between adjacent neurons across which chemical signals are transmitted

Front 17

Synaptic vesicles

Back 17

Spherical membrane packages that store neurotransmitter molecules ready for release near synapses

Front 18

NTs

Back 18

Molecules that are released from active neurons and influence the activity of other cells

Front 19

Glial cells

Back 19

Support neurons, both physically and chemically

Some communication and modulatory effects on neural communication

Front 20

Four classes of glial cells

Back 20

Oligodendrocytes - create myelin sheaths in CNS

Schwann cells - myelinate in PNS and can guide axonal regeneration

Astrocytes - help nourish cells by interfacing with blood vessels

Microglia - involved in response to injury or disease and help hold brain together

Front 21

Spinal cord - what cells in which areas

Back 21

Dorsal - afferent (sensory)

Ventral - efferent (motor)

Front 22

Medulla

Back 22

Origin of the reticular formation

Front 23

Metencephalon

Back 23

Pons: involved in sleep and dreaming

Cerebellum: motor coordination (timing)

Front 24

Midbrain

Back 24

Tectum: contains the inferior colliculi (hearing) and the superior colliculi (vision)

Tegmentum: contains periaquaductal gray, substanstia nigra (produces dopamine), and red nucleus

Front 25

Diencephalon

Back 25

Thalamus: sensory relay for 4 / 5 senses (not smell)

Hypothalamus: involved in 4 F's- feeding, fleeing, fighting, and mating

Front 26

Telencephalon

Back 26

Cerebral Cortex: convolutions increase surface area

Corpus callosum: largest hemisphere connecting tract

Front 27

Telencephalon

4 Lobes

Back 27

Frontal lobe: planning / control, personality, motor movement

Parietal lobe: spatial awareness, body sensation

Temporal lobe: language, hearing, and knowledge

Occipital lobe: vision

Front 28

Telencephalon

Subcortical Structures

Back 28

Limbic system: regulation of motivated behaviors

Incl.:

Hippocampus (memory)

Mammillary bodies (memory)

Amygdala (fight/flight)

Cingulate (emotional / cognitive

control)

Septum + fornix

Front 29

Telencephalon

Subcortical Structures

Back 29

Basal ganglia: reward and motor system

Incl.:

Striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen) (motor related)

Globus pallidus (motor related)

Nucleus accumbens (reward center of the brain)

Front 30

Left hemisphere better at:

Back 30

Greater verbal competence

Processes information more sequentially and locally

Front 31

Right hemisphere better at:

Back 31

Better at spatial relationships

Music and prosody ( emotional expression in voices)

Processes information more globally

Front 32

Primary Sensory Areas

Back 32

Visual Cortex (sight)

Auditory Cortex (hearing)

Olfactory Cortex (smell)

Gustatory Cortex (taste)

Vestibular Cortex (sense of balance)

Somatosensory Cortex ( sensing your body, knowing where you are in space, touch)

Front 33

Membrane potential

Back 33

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell

Front 34

Resting membrane potential

Back 34

Inside of neuron is negative relative to outside (-70mV)

Front 35

Ionic basis of the resting potential

Ion

Back 35

Any charged particle (Na+)

Front 36

Factors contributing to even ion distribution

Back 36

Random motion and electrostatic pressure

Front 37

Factors contributing to uneven ion distribution

Back 37

Selective permeability to certain ions and sodium-potassium pumps

Front 38

Ions contributing to resting potential

Back 38

Sodium

Chloride

Potassium

Negatively charged proteins

Front 39

Ion channels

Back 39

Ions move in and out through ion specific channels

K+ and Cl- pass readily

Na+ ions move less

Proteins don't move at all - trapped inside

Front 40

Generation and conduction of postsynaptic potentials

Back 40

NTs bind at postsynaptic receptors, causing electrical changes

Front 41

Depolarizations (Excitatory PSPs (EPSPs))

Back 41

Making the membrane potential less negative - more likely to fire

Front 42

Hyperpolarizations (Inhibitory PSPs (IPSPs))

Back 42

Making the membrane potential more negative - less likely to fire

Front 43

EPSPs and IPSPs

Back 43

Travel passively from their site of generation

Decremental (graded) - they get smaller as they travel farther

Front 44

Integration of PSPs and generation of action potentials

Back 44

Summation: typically more than one EPSP is needed to cause a neuron to fire and release a NT

Integration: net total of IPSPs and EPSPs must equal about -65mV to generate an AP

Front 45

Integration

Back 45

Combining many individual signals into one overall signal

Spatial Summation: integrating events across different places

Temporal Summation: integrating events across different times

Threshold: for the neuron to fire the activation threshold must be reached near the axon hillock

Front 46

Conduction of AP

Back 46

All-or-none: when the threshold is reached, voltage activated ion channels are opened

Front 47

Refractory period

Back 47

Refractory periods prevent the backwards movement of APs and limit the rate of firing

Absolute: impossible to initiate another AP

Relative: harder to initiate another AP

Front 48

Axonal conduction of APs

Back 48

Passive conduction (instant and decremental) occurs along each myelin segment to the next node of ranvier

A new AP is generated at each node

In myelinated axons, instant conduction along myelin segments results in faster conduction than in unmyelinated segments

Front 49

Release of NT molecules

Back 49

The arrival of AP at the terminal opens voltage - activated calcium channels

The entry of calcium causes vesicles to fuse with the terminal membrane and release their contents (exocytosis)

Front 50

Activation of receptors by NT molecules

Back 50

Released NT molecules produce signals in postsynaptic neurons by binding to receptors

Receptors are specific for a given NT

An NT is a ligand (molecule that binds to another) of its receptor

Front 51

Reuptake, enzymatic degradation, and recycling

Back 51

Reuptake: scoop up and recycle NT

Enzymatic degradation: an NT is broken down by enzymes

Front 52

Pharmacology of synaptic transmission

Back 52

How drugs infl. synaptic activity:

Agonists: increase / facility activity

Antagonists: decrease / inhibit activity

A drug may act to alter NT activity at any point in its life cycle