Biopsych Exam 1

Front 1

Trephination

Back 1

-drilled a hole in the skull

Front 2

Galen

Back 2

-was a physician to Roman gladiators
-he started to notice changes in behavior after getting hit in head
-created the term "hollow nerves"
-believed brain was important

Front 3

Descartes

Back 3

-took the fluid in brain from Galen but did not use hollow nerve
-instead used "hydraulics"
-first to have naturalistic explanation

Front 4

hydraulic model

Back 4

-put tubes in statues and increased pressure so that limbs moved
-claimed this is how we move

Front 5

dualism

Back 5

our mind, body, and soul is separate from the body

Front 6

solipism

Back 6

we can only experience our own thoughts.. "I know i'm here but I dont know that you are"

Front 7

monism

Back 7

the world only consists of one kind of substance:
-Identity position claims that mental processes and brain
processes are the same

Front 8

consciousness (the easy one)

Back 8

being awake vs. sleepong

Front 9

consciousness (the hard one)

Back 9

being aware of ones self

Front 10

tinbergen's 4 types of explanations

Back 10

1. functional
2. ontogenetic
3. evolutionary
4. psysiological

Front 11

functional explanation

Back 11

explanation example:

The squirrel peeled the nut because it was hungry and wanted to eat

Front 12

onto-genetic explanation

Back 12

explanation example:

the squirrel is developed enough to be able to peel a nut on its own

Front 13

evolutionary explanation

Back 13

explanation example:

squirrels spent time in trees because safer, so evolved a digestive system that could handle nuts

Front 14

physiological explanation

Back 14

explanation example:

levels of colosysticanine(sp) were high which made the squirrel hungry

Front 15

genotype

Back 15

the genetic makeup of an organism

Front 16

phenotype

Back 16

-observable characteristics of an organism
-effected by environment

Front 17

polygenic

Back 17

many genes contributing to one phenotype

exception: PKU

Front 18

what is a phenotype composed of?

Back 18

the genotype and the environment

Front 19

multiplier effect

Back 19

having a small genetic predispostion to something can become a large phenotype due to envir.
-ex: teacher reinforcing by saying "you're so smart!"

Front 20

mRNA (messenger)

Back 20

builds proteins

Front 21

altruism

Back 21

when one puts themself in danger to help someone else OR doing something good to help someone else

Front 22

reciprocal altruism

Back 22

doing something for someone else because expect them do for u

Front 23

kin selection

Back 23

we help those that are related to us because they can still pass on our genes

Front 24

glial cells

Back 24

-"glue"
-compromise about 90% of the brain

Front 25

astrocytes

Back 25

-"star-shaped" cell
-takes nutrients such as glucose and O2 and feeds neurons

Front 26

microglia

Back 26

-attack and digest things in the nervous system that don't belong
-like an immune system for the NS

Front 27

oligodendrocytes

Back 27

-creates myelin
-wraps around many axons
-like a skeleton for the brain
-makes msgs go faster

Front 28

schwann cells

Back 28

-only wrap/myelinates one axon
-uses own body
+found in peripheral nervous system

Front 29

radial glia

Back 29

-like spokes of a bike
-neurons climb up the spokes then develop

Front 30

threshold of excitation

Back 30

- -65 mV or higher
-causes axon hillock to open

Front 31

depolarization

Back 31

-UNpolarize
-Na+ rushes in

Front 32

hyperpolarization

Back 32

-REpolarize
-K+ rushes out

Front 33

medulla

Back 33

-regulated basic life functions (autonomic)
-heart rate and breathing

Front 34

pituitary

Back 34

releases hormones to the body

Front 35

somatic

Back 35

-voluntary
-skeletal muscles

Front 36

autonomic

Back 36

-involuntary
-in the gut

Front 37

what are the 2 parts of the autonomic system?

Back 37

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 38

reticular formation

Back 38

-wakes up the rest of the brain BY
-producing many neurotransmitters

Front 39

cerebellum

Back 39

-"little brain"
-FINE MOTOR CONTROL (skeletal movement)
-SNS
-important in timing and coordination

Front 40

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

Back 40

-reduces pain
-stimulated by endorphins which block pain
-opiums imitate this

Front 41

occipital lobe

Back 41

-visual processing
-being conscious of what is seen

Front 42

Parietal lobe

Back 42

-somatosensation (bodily)
-what is and isn't our body

Front 43

temporal lobe

Back 43

-audition (hearing)
-language

Front 44

frontal

Back 44

-long term planning (future)
-rational
-social skills

Front 45

thalamus

Back 45

-relays sensory info to cortex
-like a filter, only sends important stuff
-keeps track even when no aware

Front 46

cortex

Back 46

outermost shell of the brain

Front 47

hypothalamus

Back 47

-neuroendocrine structure
-link b/w whats going on in brain & body

Front 48

pituitary

Back 48

releases hormones to the body

Front 49

hippocampus

Back 49

creates new memories

Front 50

amygdala

Back 50

-important for fear
-alcohol inhibits