Brain And Cranial Nerves Chapter 15

Front 1

Function of the brain...

Back 1

Receives, processes, organizes, and integrates info
• Then makes response

Front 2

Weight of Human Brain

Back 2

1.35 -1.4 Kg (3 lbs)

Front 3

Size of brain not directly correlated with intellegence.
– # of active___________ .

Back 3

synapses

Front 4

Major Regions of Human Brain

Back 4

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum

Front 5

Organization of Brain Tissue

Back 5

Gray and White Matter

Front 6

Gray Matter
contains---

Back 6

Non-myelinated axons
cell bodies of motor and interneurons.

Front 7

White Matter

Back 7

White color due to Myelin.
– Lies deep to gray matter
– Contains clusters of gray matter called cerebral nuclei .
• Cell bodies

Front 8

External layer of brain tissue =

Back 8

Cortex

Front 9

Color of White Matter due to...

Back 9

Myelin

Front 10

Brain protected by CT layers called...

Back 10

Meninges

Front 11

Functions of meninges include:

Back 11

• separate brain from bones of cranium
• enclose and protect blood vessels that supply brain
• contain and circulate cerebraospinal fluid.
• form some veins that drain blood from brain

Front 12

Support and Protection of the Brain:
Three Layers...

Back 12

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

Front 13

Dura Mater

Back 13

• outermost layer of dense irregular CT
• Periosteal layer - forms periosteum of cranial bones
• Meningeal layer - lies deep to periosteal layer
• Two layers fused except in dura venous sinuses .
• Large blood-filled spaces that drain blood from brain

Front 14

Arachnoid Mater

Back 14

• Lies immediately internal to dura mater
• Delicate web of fibers

Front 15

Pia Mater

Back 15

• innermost layer
• Tightly adheres to brain
• Follows every contour of brain surface

Front 16

In dura mater, Two layers fused except in dura venous sinuses except in...

Back 16

dura venous sinuses

Front 17

Between arachnoid and dura mater is

Back 17

sub dural space

Front 18

Deep to arachnoid is

Back 18

subrarachnoid space

Front 19

Cranial Dural Septa

Back 19

• Cranial dural septa partition specific parts of brain and provide stabilization and support:

Front 20

Falx Cerebri

Back 20

--projects into longitudinal fissure
• separates left and right cerebral hemispheres

Front 21

Tentorium Cerebelli

Back 21

-- horizontal fold that separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Front 22

Falx Cerebelli

Back 22

-- separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres

Front 23

Dural Venous Sinuses

Back 23

• Dural venous sinuses run w/in margins of dural septa

Front 24

Superior Sagital Sinus

Back 24

• -- runs w/in superior margin of falx cerebri

Front 25

Inferior Sagital Sinus

Back 25

--runs w/in inferior margin of falx cerebri

Front 26

Transverse Sinus

Back 26

• -- run w/in posterior border of tentorium cerebelli

Front 27

Occipital Sinus

Back 27

• -- runs in posterior vertical border of falx cere

Front 28

Brain Ventricles

Back 28

= cavities w/in brain

Front 29

Brain Ventricles
Structure

Back 29

• continuous with one another
• All contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Front 30

Four ventricles in brain:

Back 30

Two Lateral
Third Ventricle
Fourth Ventricle

Front 31

Two Lateral Ventricles
Location & Structure

Back 31

• one each cerebral hemisphere
• separated by thin Septum pellucidum

Front 32

Third Ventricle
location

Back 32

ventricle in the diencephalon

Front 33

Fourth Ventricle
locaton

Back 33

ventricle between the pons and cerebellum

Front 34

Mesencephallic Aqueduct connects...

Back 34

3rd and 4th ventricles

Front 35

4th ventricle connects to

Back 35

Mesencephallic Aqueduct and Central canal of spinal cord

Front 36

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is

Back 36

clear colorless liquid derived from blood plasma

Front 37

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in...

Back 37

ventricles and subarachnoid space

Front 38

Several important functions of CSF

Back 38

• buoyancy-- the brain floats in the CSF
• protection-- liquid cushion from sudden movements
• Environmental stability -- CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from brain

Front 39

CSF Formed by

Back 39

Choroid Plexus

Front 40

Choroid Plexus

Back 40

• Consists of e[endymal cells and capillaries within pia mater
• Originates from blood plasma.

Front 41

Composition of CSF similar to...

Back 41

plasma, except no big protiens

Front 42

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is

Back 42

clear colorless liquid derived from blood plasma

Front 43

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulates in...

Back 43

ventricles and subarachnoid space

Front 44

Several important functions of CSF

Back 44

• buoyancy-- the brain floats in the CSF
• protection-- liquid cushion from sudden movements
• Environmental stability -- CSF transports nutrients and removes waste from brain

Front 45

CSF Formed by

Back 45

Choroid Plexus

Front 46

Choroid Plexus

Back 46

• Consists of e[endymal cells and capillaries within pia mater
• Originates from blood plasma.

Front 47

Composition of CSF similar to...

Back 47

plasma, except no big protiens

Front 48

CSF produced at rate of...

Back 48

500 ml/day

Front 49

CSF leaves ventricles and enters

Back 49

Subarachnoid space

Front 50

These project thru dura mater into dural venous sinuses

Back 50

Arachnoid Villius

Front 51

Excess CSF removed continuously so it

Back 51

doesn’t accumulate and cause damage

Front 52

Flow of CSF...

Back 52

1. from lateral Vent.to 3rd then 4th
2. enters Subarachnoid space
3. Arachnoid Villius project thru dura mater into dural venous sinuses
4.• CSF enters dural venous sinuses
5. Fluid returned to circulation

Front 53

BBB regulates..

Back 53

what substances enter interstitial fluids of brain

Front 54

BBB composed of...

Back 54

• Capillary endothelial cells
• Astrocyte perivascular feet

Front 55

BBB missing or reduced in three distinct locations of CNS:

Back 55

- Choroid Plexus
- Hypothalumus
- Pineal gland

Front 56

Largest part of brain

Back 56

Cerebrum

Front 57

Location of:
• conscious thought processes
• intellectual functions

Back 57

Cerebrum

Front 58

Contains large number of neurons needed for complex analytical and integrative functions

Back 58

Cerebrum

Front 59

Outer layer of Cerebrum

Back 59

Cerebral cortex
- gray matter

Front 60

Cerebral cortex does....

Back 60

Processing and all the cool stuff

Front 61

Internal layer of cerebrum is called

Back 61

White matter

Front 62

Within white matter of the Cerebrum are...

Back 62

cerebral nuclei
-gray matter

Front 63

Surface of cerebrum folds into ridges called

Back 63

gyri

Front 64

Adjacent gyri of Cerebrum separated by shallow grooves called...
deeper grooves are called...

Back 64

Sulci
Fissures

Front 65

Two halves of Cerebrum called left and right

Back 65

cerebral hemispheres

Front 66

cerebral hemispheres divided by

Back 66

Longitudinal fissure

Front 67

In the Cerebrum, bundles of axons called__________ allow for communication

Back 67

tracts

Front 68

Cerebral Hemispheres completely separate except at a few locations called

Back 68

tracts

Front 69

________is the largest and main tract that connects the two hemispheres of cerebrum

Back 69

Corpus callosum

Front 70

Is it difficult or easy to assign precise function to specific regions or cerebrum?

Back 70

difficult

Front 71

Considerable _______ and indistinct boundaries of function to specific regions or cerebrum

Back 71

overlap

Front 72

Hemispheres receive info from and project info to __________sides of body

Back 72

Opposite

Front 73

speech controlled by right or left side of Cerebrum?

Back 73

left

Front 74

Appear as anatomic mirror images but display some functional differences

Back 74

Hemisphere Lateralization

Front 75

5 distinct lobes of each hemisphere of the Cerebrum

Back 75

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
Insula

Front 76

Frontal lobe:
Location

Back 76

• Deep to frontal bone
• Posterior border is central sulcus
• Inferior border is lateral sulcus

Front 77

Frontal lobe:
Contains

Back 77

Pre-cental gyrus

Front 78

Primary functions of Frontal Lobe

Back 78

somatic motor , higher thought processes and personality

Front 79

Parietal Lobe:
Location

Back 79

-Deep to parietal bone
• Begins at central sulcus and ends at parietal-occipital sulcus
• Inferior border is lateral sulcus

Front 80

Parietal Lobe:
contains

Back 80

Post-central gyrus

Front 81

Primary functions of the Parietal Lobe:

Back 81

General sensory interpretation

Front 82

Temporal Lobe:
Location

Back 82

• Deep to temporal bone
• Inferior to lateral sulcus

Front 83

Functions of the Temporal Lobe

Back 83

Hearing, interpreting speech/language, and smell.

Front 84

Occipital Lobe:
Location and Function

Back 84

• Deep to occipital bone
• Functions: processing visual info and storing visual memory

Front 85

Insula:
Location and Function

Back 85

• Small lobe deep to lateral sulcus
– Must reflect temporal lobe to see
• Functions: memory and interpretation of taste.