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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biotic Factors
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herbivores, pathogens, microbes, toxins
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Abiotic Factors
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light, temp, wind, gasses, gravity, soil, wter, nutrients
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Embryogenesis
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from unicellular zygote to embryo
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Plant and Animal diffs
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animals: determinate, happens in embryo
cell movement Plants: pattern set up in embryo, indeterminate, cell walls, cells can differentiate |
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Plant growth
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permanent increase in size by cell division and cell elongation
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cell elongation
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occurs by positive turgor pressure pushing from in cell by water uptake in vacuoles and occurs by softening of cell walls (extensin)
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differentiation determined by
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gene interaction and gene constitution. affected by: unequal cell division, like stoma, cell env.
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Plant hormones
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Effects can overlap. Single hormone= many responses. May stimulate response at one concentration but inhibit at another
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5 main hormones
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auxins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene, cytokenins
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other hormones
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brassino steroids: can protect from temp, salt, herbicides, stress
salicylic acid |
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Auxin
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apical meristems and young leaves. Promotoes cell elongation; responsible for tropism; movement is polar
apical dominance stimulates fruit development stimulates rooting on cuttings and in tissue cultures. when produced in SAM inhibits lat growth from auxillary buds. produced in endosperm and embryo |
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Gibberellins
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produced in apex, roots, young leaves and embryo
shoot elongation, seed germination, flowering in some plants |
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foolish seedling disease
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shootelongation to point where it dies
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Because it could cause specific plant responses that might benefit the fungus, such as excess food production
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Why would a fungus produce a plant hormone
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cytokinnins
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synthesized in roots and transported to rest. promotes cell division (go to mitosis stage). promots shoot formation in tissue culture. delays leaf senescence. encourages formation of adventitious roots. mutualism w/ fungi
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ethylene
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gas, stimulates ripening and abscission. opposes or lessens effects of auxin.
Triple response: inhibition of stem and root elongation; swelling of stems, making stronger;formation of stem hook, holds leaves in took position |
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abscisic acid
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stress response hormone; inhibits growth, makes buds dormant, also possibly seeds. closes stomata
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nastic responses
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movement independent of direction of stimulus
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photoperidiosim
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developmental response to day length, controls flowering and dormancy. produced thrug pigment phytochrome. 2 forms: Pred and P farred
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thigmotropism
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a tendril wrapping around is an example of what type of response
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CONSTANS
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protein that accumulates as day progresses, right amount may stimulate flowering
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dormancy
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period of decreased metabolism
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senescence
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delayed by auxin, cytokinnins, gybberellins. promoted by abscici acid or ethylene
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asexual repro
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vegetative propagation, cuttings, fragments, plantlets
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sexual reproduction
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seeds produced from pollinated ovules; involves meiosis
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Meoisis
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homologous chromosomes pair, then separate during first stage. _____ 2 is like mitosis where chromatids are separated. ______ has 4 haploid, mitosis has 2 diploid. only in 2N orgs. Follows DNA rep
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2 ways new variation created in meiosis
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crossing over and ind. assortment
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crossing over
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chromatids of homologous chromosomes may exchnge some parts
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independent assortment
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haphzard which member of a homologous pair goes to which cell . difff arrangements of homologous yields diff combo in gametes
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diff types of life cycles
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gametic: animals, some algae. Zygotic: some algae, protists, sporitc, all pants, some algae
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Mendel
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genetics, ratio of dominant to recessive approx 3 to 1
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genoptype
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actual genes in org
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phenotype
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expression of genes
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first law of herditary
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segregation- alleles separate durin first meiotic division
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second law of hereditary
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ind. assortment. states that each version of a gene is inherited independently from other genes.
happens in metaphase of meiosis 1. |
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homozygous
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same alleles on homologous chromosomes
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heterozygous
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diff alleles on homologous chromosomes
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Linkage
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don't segregate
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codominance
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both alleles of gene are expressed
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plasticity
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env and dev affect expression of genes; same genotype can have diff phenotype
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epistasis
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the expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more "modifier genes.
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examples of non mendolian genetics
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lineage, cytoplasmic DNA, mutations, transposable elements
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neo darwinism
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combines natural selection w/ genetics and molecular biology
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evidence for evolution
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fossil record, molecular similarities among all orgs, direct observation, biogeographic studies, comparison of related species
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processes affecting evolution
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natural selection, adaptation, genetic drift
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genetic drift
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subset of pop. is allowed to survive or colonize new area, e: founder effect
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allotropic speciatioin
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physical isolation of part of pop, reproductive isolation
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sympatric speciation
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same place speciation. can occur when polyploidy occurs in plants
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3 main types of selection
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stabilizing, directionl, disruptive
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stabilizing selection
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promotes common phenotype, reduces extremes, unchanging env.
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directional selection
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individuals at one extreme produce more offspring, produces change in changing env.
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disruptive selection
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organism at either extreme produces moer offspring.
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DKPCOFGS
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Biological Classification
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scientific names
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latin binomial form of "genus species"
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cultivars
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cultivted variants
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hybrid
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cross of 2 species or 2 genera
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varieties
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same species but small consistent diffs from other members
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capitalize the genus, not species. latin names for genus and species underlined or italics. Full scientific name includes author
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how to write latin name
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prokaryotes
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oldest life form
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cyanobacteria
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improve nitrogen
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prokaryotes lack internal compartmentation found in eukaryotes
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how do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes in internal structure
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10k years ago
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agriculture started when?
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10 bil ya
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universe originated when?
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saprobes
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are important in decomposition
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chemical biological theory of origin of life
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simple inorganic molecules>simple organic molecules>complex macromolecules>cells w/ properties of life. origins of macromolecules from simple organic molecules: heat, drying can form polymers
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origin of cells
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macromolecules in water will form protocells: play w/ conditions and sequences to get diff properties
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RNA
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first genetic material, can store info, be catalyst, reproduce on own
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endosymbiotic theory
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cyanobcteria are related to eukaryotic plastics. proteobacteria are related to eukaryotic mitochondria. prokaryotic ancestors engulfed other prokaryotes, functed well in group, new eukaryotic orgs formed
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origin of organic molecules from inorganic
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hydrogen, wter, ammonia, methane and energy catalyzed into amino acids, short chain fatty acids by simulated lightning
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algae
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diverse PS protists
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protists
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groups of orgs that aren't plants, animals, or fungi
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phagotrophy
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particle feeding
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osmotrophhy
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uptake of dissolved molecules
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autotrophy
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PS
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mixotrophy
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PS w/ other
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some did but remained prokaryotes; those that dind't had greater fitness so were selected; they were more successful since they had own powerhouse and food production
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why didn't primordial eukaryotic cell eat its endosymbionts
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heterotrophic protist
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parasites and saprobes
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algae
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eukaryotic, single or multicellular, PS, cell walls of of various composition, immobile except for rep stages
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gametic life cycle
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only haploid phase of life cycle , sperm and egg cells. gametes formed by meiosis
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sporic life cycle
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like true plants have distinct multicellular sporophyte (2N)
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diatoms
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PS,"", unicellular, indicators of water quality. silicate shells called frustules ,make good fossils
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brown algae
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large seaweeds, kelp, sargassum. multicellular, cellulose and algin cell walls, soluble carbs for storage. mostly marine, prominent in cooler, deeper wters
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red algae, rhodophytes
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single or multicellar. cell wall of carogeenan and agar. polysaccharide granules for storage, phycobulins, marine, tropical
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chlorophytes
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green algae. single or multicell, cellulose, starch, chl b, B cartotene, lutein, marine and freshwater, ancestor of plants
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fungi cell walls
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made of chitin, compound from arthropods
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glycogen
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fungi store this
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fungi
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eukaryotic, sing or multi filaments (hyphae in mycelium). decomposers and pathogens, absorptive heterotrophs, no PS.
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5 main fungi
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basidiomycota, ascomycota, glomeromycota, zygomycota, chytridiomycota.
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fungi sexual reproduction
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produced from fusion of hyphae of different mating types; nuclei fuse; spores produced by meoisis, each gives rise to a filamentous hyphae
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septate
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have cross walls that divide cytoplasm into segments, not complete
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zygomycetes
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terrestrial, many mycorrhizal, pathogenic, non septate hyphae. ex: bread mold
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chytrids
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water and soil, plants nd animal pathogens, plagellate, non septate. implicated in frog demise
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ascomycetes
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septate hyphae, produce spores in sac, cap is called hymenium
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fungi life cycle ascomycetes
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filmanets of 2 mating types fuse> dikaryotic hyphae forms> ascoppores produced> rise to new hyphae
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basidiomycetes (club fungi)
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mushrooms, toadstools; produce spores in clubs, septate hyphae
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basidiomycetes life cycle
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hyphae of 2 mating types fuse, heterokaryon formed- plasmogmy. 2 diff nuclei fuse- karyogamy. meiosis produces basidio spores
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hyphae
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branching fiamentous structure of a fungus; collectively called mycelium
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glomeramycot
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major type of mychorrhizal fungi, take sugar from plants, give phosphorous
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lichens
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symbiosis b/w fungus and blue-green algae(prokaryote) and/or green alga. Slow growing, pioneers in harsh envs, sensitive to pollution. evolved at least 5 times
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lichen partnership
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fungus provides water and minerals; alga or cyanobacterial photobiont provides food thru PS
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lichen growth forms
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crustose, foliose, fruticose
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lichen rep.
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rep asexually w/ soredia- buds of tissue of each partner in small dispersble form
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plasmogamy
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stage in sexual rep of fungi where cytoplasm of 2 plant mycelia fuse w/o fusion of nuclei. after this, seocondary mycelium forms
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karyogamy
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fusion of nuclei
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dikaryon
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after plasmogamy, compatible nuclei of 2 cells pair off w/o karyogamy in cells of hyphae, synchrnously dividing so that parts are maintained in older cells while new cells are also dikaryotic
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heterokaryon
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cells that contain multiple geneticall diff nuclei, share common cytoplasm
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