Botany

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Semipermeable outer boundary of the cell's protoplasm that helps regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell

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Plasma membrane

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If covered with ribosomes, this organelle is involved in the synthesis, secretion, or storage of proteins. If few or no ribosomes are present, it is involved with lipid secretion.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Contains the cell's generic material and is vital to the regulation of all cell functions

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Nucleus

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Primarily serves as a storage space for cell sap and dissolved substances, it can also aid in the recycling of cell materials and breakdown of organelles.

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Vacuole

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Composed of microtubules and microfilaments, facilitates movement within the cell

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Cytoskeleton

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Morphology varies based on what kind of is (e.g. chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast), responsibility is the same-manufacture and store carbohydrates

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Plastid

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Small, spherical organelles contain enzyme that can perform specialized functions, like convert days to carbohydrates

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Microbodies

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Tiny bodies that are the does of protein synthesis, or the lining of amino acids together into chains that will eventually form large, complex protein molecules

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Ribosomes

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Can modify and/or assemble substances and then package them for transport to locations inside and outside the cell

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Dictyosome

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Called the"powerhouse of the cell" where energy is released from organic molecules through the process of cellular respiration

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Mitochondrion

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Increases girth of roots and stems as they create new tissue

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Lateral meristems

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Two main types of lateral meristems

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Vascular cambium and cork cambium

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Produces secondary xylem and phloem

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Vascular cambium

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Produces outer bark

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Cork cambium

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Located at or near the tip of the plant shoots and roots. Exhibit primary growth (length)

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Apical meristems

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Three types of primary meristems

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Protoderm (epidermis), procambium (primary xylem), ground meristem (all other primary tissues)

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Unique to grasses. Located at nodes, add to stem length

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Intercalary meristems

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Simple tissues

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Made up of 1 cell type, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma

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Complex tissue

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Made up of two or more cell types, xylem, phloem, epidermis, periderm

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Root Cap

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Area that perceives perceives gravity and protects the root tip from damage by soil. Made up of parenchyma cells.

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Region of Cell Division

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Area of actively dividing cells (produces the root cap). Made up of apical meristem.

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Region of Elongation.

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Area where cells grow in width and length. Vacuoles occupy over 90% of its cells' volume.

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Region of Maturation

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Area where cells mature and differentiate into different types. Site of numerous, hairlike protuberances called root hairs.

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Aerial Roots

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Appear in many forms (velamen roots of orchids, prop roots of corn), and serve a variety of purposes.

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Parasitic Roots

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Some chlorophyll-lacking plants possess these roots so that they can steal food from other plants. (they penetrate another plant)

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Water Storage roots

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Common in Cucurbitaceae (pumpkin) species growing in arid regions, these roots store water for later use.

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Mycorrhizae

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"Fungus-roots" or mutualistic relationship between fungi and plant roots.

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Contractile Roots

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Found in plants like lilies and dandelions, these roots pull plants deeper into soil.

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Food-Storage Roots

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Found in plants like sweet potatoes, these roots store large amounts of carbohydrates (e.g. starch)

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Pneumatophores

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Unique to some swamp plants, these spongy roots increase gas exchange between the atmosphere and the water-submerged roots they are connected to.

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Buttress Roots

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These roots provide increased stability to tropical trees growing in shallow soil.

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Propagative Roots

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These roots are found at the base of aerial stems that developed. (adventitious buds) id. cherries,apples, pears. "suckers" can be separated.