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67 Cards in this Set

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What are the two questions that pertain to biology?
1) What are the alternatives?
2) What are the consequences?
Why MUST plants be simple?
Plants do not have the same anatomical and physiological needs as animals. For example to maintain an organ such as a brain, ample amounts of oxygen needs to be pumped to sustain the organ. Plants along with oxygen need sunlight also to maintain their "organs". If the plants had the complexity of organs, then they would require a lot of energy in the form of light. For the reason of energy cost, plants MUST be simple.
What are two characteristics about the model of life?
1) It is incomplete
2) It is inaccurate
What type of plant cells do not have cell walls?
Gametes
What is the consequence of not having a cell wall?
Since gametes lack cell walls, they are able to engage in cell fusion such as fertilization.
What types of bonds exist in glucose comparison to starch?
A beta 1,4 bond exists in glucose.
What is the alternative to having a beta-1,4 bond? What compounds are these bonds present in?
The alternative is an alpha-1,4 bond. These bonds exist in starch.
What is the consequence of having a beta-1,4 bond?
The beta-1,4 bond cannot be broken so animals are vulnerable when they ingest cellulose which houses this bond.

*(verify with Mauseth)
What type of protein is cellulose synthase?
It is an integral membrane protein that floats through the plasma membrane.
Why do biologists no longer consider fungi to be plants?
Fungi are different from plants in many basic biochemical and genetic respects.
What are the four fundamental tenets established for the scientific method?
1. Source of information
2. Phenomena that can be studied
3. Constancy and universality
4. Basis
When does a hypothesis becomes a theory?
If the hypothesis continues to match observations then it becomes a theory.
State the cell wall being concrete as an analogy.
The cell wall is made up of cellulose and hemicellulose. The cellulose is the re bar while the hemicellulose is the concrete.
What are four components of the cell wall?
1) cellulose
2) hemicellulose
3) cell wall proteins
4) calcium pectate
What is the alternative to having a cell wall?
Humans have bones made out of calcium phosphate and shells are made out of calcium carbonate. Calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate are not burnable.
Why do humans have a calcium phosphate skeleton instead of using calcium carbonate?
Calcium carbonate is a stronger acid that can change the pH of our blood which we cannot handle.
What are three consequences of having a cell wall?
1) it causes plant cells to be rigid & nonmotile
2) plant cells must grow to shape unlike animal cells which have microtubules that push out and pull in
3) the cell wall can be modified
What are primary pit fills in the cell wall?
They are the thin areas of the cell walls where the plasmodesmata are located.
If an animal has a trillion cells, how many distinct plasma membranes are present?
A trillion
If a plant has a trillion cells, how many distinct plasma membranes are present?
One. This is because plants have cytoplasmic continuity. This continuity is achieved through all their protoplasm being connected (symplasm?)
Where is the apoplast located in a plant?
It is the free space just outside of the plasma membrane.
What is the term that describes what the ER becomes when it passes through the plasmodesmata?
Dermotubule
What encloses the central vacuole?
Tonoplasts (also called vacuolar membrane).
Describe the vacuole development in plants.
When the plant is small, there are many tiny vacuoles. When the plant grows larger they all fuse into one large central vacuole.
What is the relationship between the amount of waste stored in a plant and its nutritional value?
As a plant accumulates waste, it becomes less and less nutritious.
Describe the prevalence of polyploidy in plants.
Polyploidy is common in plants. Plants can come in 2n, 4n, 6n, 8n...1000n. The odd ploids are sterile.
When were chloroplasts discovered?
in the 1600s
Give the definition of plastids.
Plastids are a class of organelles that take multiple forms in the plant cell.
What compound are amyloplasts usually found in?
Amyloplasts are present in starch.
Why is glucose not an ideal sugar used for energy storage?
Glucose is very reactive and osmotic. For this reason it has a strong capacity to react with water. If you store a lot of glucose, then there is a tendency to swell.
Why are mitosis and meiosis not cell division?
They both deal with dividing the nucleus. Cell division includes cytokinesis.
What two words majorly distinguish plants from animals?
1) anthropomorphism
2) teleology
What is anthropomorphism?
Anthropomorphism is the ability to have a thought or decision making ability.
What is teleology?
It is the belief that processes or structures have a purpose.
Why is it incorrect to say that "Plant roots absorb water in order to"?
Plants are not capable of making decisions. Plants have roots because they inherited them. Not for the purpose of absorbing water.
What are relictual features?
They are features that seem unchanged over time. These are also known as plesiomorphic features.
Give an example of an organism that has relictual features.
Algae and ferns have not changed much in the last 250 million years.
Why do we know much about chloroplast division compared to mitochondrial division?
Chloroplasts are larger and easier to see.
Define parenchyma.
It is a type of plant cell that has uniformly thin primary walls.
What are the three basic types of plant cells?
1) Parenchyma
2) Collenchyma
3) Sclerenchyma
Describe the parenchyma liveliness.
Cells remain alive to carry out most metabolism of plant.
What are derived features?
Features that evolved recently from features present in ancestral flowering plants.
When did the plant and animal lines of evolution diverge?
They diverged when the eukaryotic cell nucleus became quite sophisticated.
How is the mitosis in fungi unusual?
In many fungal species, the nuclear envelope and nucleolus either do not break down at all or do so only late in mitosis.
What is special about the nuclei of dinoflagellates?
They have no histones. As a consequence, their chromosomes are supercoiled all the time.
What happens after telophase during the cytokinesis in algae?
A phragmoplast forms, and dictysome vesicles establish a cell plate, which then radially grows outward (centrifugal growth) until it meets with the wall of the parental cell.
Describe cytokinesis for SOME green algae.
1) mitotic spindle depolymerizes quickly
2) two daughter nuclei lie close together
3) new set of microtubules appear between them (phycoplast)
What are two ways phycoplasts are associated with division?
1) furrowing
2) cell plate formation
What's the difference between phycoplasts and phragmoplasts?
Phycoplasts are associated with algae where the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis. Phragmoplasts are associated with the loss of the nuclear envelope.
Which type of algae did plants come from?
Green algae
Describe the cell division in red algae through what happens with the cell wall
1) new wall grows inward from the pre-existing walls
2) it stops growing while still incomplete
3) the large hole where it's incomplete is called the pit connection
What is inside of the pit connection?
protein and carbohydrate material
Describe the process of infurrowing in cytokinesis.
1) the plasma membrane pulls inward and finally pinches in two
2) a new cross wall grows inward starting from the existing wall
3) the cross wall splits becoming two walls and releasing two daughter cells
As an animal stores waste, what happens to its nutritional value?
As the plant accumulates waste, the nutritional value decreases. Animals can't store a lot of waste because they will be made immobile.
Which organisms have more dictysomes: plants or animals?
Animals have more dictysomes.
Why do plants not have golgi bodies?
They have dictysomes instead to do the jobs of the golgi bodies.
What are some negative consequences of multicellularity and division of labor?
As each cell becomes more specialized, it depends more on the others.
What components make up the protoplasm?
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids
water
What is the nucleoplasm made out of?
1) DNA
2) enzymes and other factors necessary to maintain, repair, and read DNA
3) histone proteins that support and interact with DNA
4) several types of RNA
5) water
What is a tonoplast?
It is the single membrane covering a vacuole.
What happens to the quantity of vacuoles in a plant cell as the cell grows?
As the cell grows and enlarges, vacuoles expand and merge until there is just one large central vacuole.
What nutrients does the vacuole store?
Calcium, potassium, and water soluable pigments
What chemical does calcium react with in the vacuole to change it to its inert form?
Oxalic acid
Do plants have a system to excrete wastes?
No. There never evolved one in plants. Plants just permanently store waste in the central vacuole.
What is an advantage holding waste inside of the central vacuole forever?
The plants taste bitter as result and deter the animal from eating the plant.
What is the key feature of photosynthesis?
The active transport of protons (H+) into a small space to build up an electrical charge.
What is phytoferritin?
It is a plant protein that supplies iron to the plant. This protein is found in the plastids.