Bones Of The Upper Limb

Front 1

Areas of upper limb

Back 1

1) arm (brachium) - from shoulder to elbow
2) cubital fossa - area anterior to elbow joint
3) forearm (antebrachium) - from elbow to wrist
a) surrounded by antebrachial fascia
4) hand & fingers (digits) - thumb is digit #1; little finger is digit #5

Front 2

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
1) Pectoral Girdle

Back 2

- consists of clavicle & scapula; attaches upper limb to trunk of body
a) Clavicle
1) articulates with sternum & acromion of scapula
2) serves as strut to hold shoulder & upper limb out away from body to allow for maximum range of upper limb motion
3) protects underlying blood vessels & nerves as they enter upper limb
b) Scapula - curved, flattened bone with triangular shape
1) has spine on dorsal surface - spine continuous laterally with acromion process
a) acromion forms bony tip of shoulder
b) spine of scapula, acromion & clavicle form V-shape
2) motions of scapula:
a) elevation-depression - up/down (vertical) movements of shoulder
b) protrusion (moves anteriorly) - retraction (adduction; moves toward vertebral column) - for pushing-pulling movements
c) superior rotation (upwards) & inferior rotation (downward) - rotation of scapula that produces superior or inferior movement of glenoid fossa; used during aduction-adduction of humerus at shoulder joint

Front 3

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
2) Humerus

Back 3

bone of arm

Front 4

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
3) Radius

Back 4

lateeral or thumb side of forearm

Front 5

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
4) Ulna

Back 5

medial side of arm
a) shafts of radius & ulna joined together by interosseous membrane (connective tissue layer)

Front 6

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
5) Wrist

Back 6

consists of 8 carpal bones, in two rows of 4 bones each (proximal row & distal row)

Front 7

Bones of the Upper Limb
x 6
6) Hand

Back 7

a) metacarpal bones - form palm of hand
1) first metatarsal (at base of thumb) is free to move
2) metacarpals 2-5 joined together in single unit by fascia, tendons, & muscle
b) phalanges - bones of the digits; 2 in thumb, 3 each in other digits

Front 8

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
1) Sternoclavicular Joint

Back 8

- between superior sternum & medial end of clavicle
a) this is the only bony articualtion uniting pectoral girdle (& thus upper limb) to body trunk
b) motions: flexion-extension (anterior-posterior motion), abduction-adduction (superior-inferior motion), circumduction (combination of other motions)`

Front 9

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
2) Acromioclavicular Joint

Back 9

- between lateral end of clavicle & acromion of scapula

Front 10

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
3) Glenohumeral Joint

Back 10

- ball & socket shoulder joint
a) head of humerus articulates with glenoid fossa of scapula
b) motions at shoulder: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction, & medial and lateral rotation of humerus at shoulder joint

Front 11

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
4) Elbow joint

Back 11

- formed by articulations between:
a) trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
b) capitulum of humerus and head of radius
c) motions at elbow: flexion-extension only

Front 12

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
5) Radial-Ulnar Articulation

Back 12

- articulations between proximal ends of radius & ulna and distal ends of radius & ulna - allow for pronation-supination of forearm
a) supinated position - palm forward (anatomical position); forearm bones are parallel
b) pronated position - palm backward; distal radius crossed over ulna
c) pronation - moving from supinated (anatomical) position to pronated position
d) supination - moving from pronated position to supinated position
e) pronation-supination motions - head of radius rotates; distal radius flips over distal distal ulna

Front 13

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
6) Radiocarpal Joint

Back 13

- wrist joint
a) srticulation between proximal row of carpal bones & distal end of radius
1) note that distal ulna does not articulate with carpal bones
b) motions at wrist: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction

Front 14

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
7) Metacarpophalangeal Joints

Back 14

(knuckle joints of hand) - at base of fingers
a) motions: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, circumduction

Front 15

Joints of the Upper Limb
x 8
Interphalangeal Joints

Back 15

- between phalanx bones within fingers & thumb
a) motions: flexion-extension only

Front 16

Deep Fascia of Upper Limb

Back 16

1) Brachial Fascia - arm
2) Antebrachial fascia - forearm
a) muscle tendons that pass from the forearm into the hand are held in place at the wrist by specialized thickenings of teh antebrachial fascia
1) flexor retinaculum - on anterior wrist
2) extensor retinaculum - on posterior wrist