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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the types of signalling |
direct contact synaptic paracrine endocrine |
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what is direct contact |
2 cells with a pore between them- gap juntion stimulate 1 cell and the signal can be transferred to adjacent cell |
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paracrine signalling |
cell releasing a substance then acting on cells and processing them to do something |
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endocrine signalling |
hormone secreted from pituitary glands and effects cells further away from the brain |
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what are synaptic signalling |
similar to paracrine signalling but it a specialised signalling nerve impulse that then has release of neurotransmitter |
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what are the signalling from lowest to highest distance |
direct contact synaptic paracrine endocrine |
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4 different types of receptors |
ligand gated ion channels g protein couples receptors kinase linked receptors nucleur receptors |
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what can G proteins do |
make 2nd messenegers which then regulate cellular effects efficacy dependent on how much 2nd messenger it can make |
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what are the 3 classes of GPCRS |
a b c family |
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what is the structure of G protein couples receptor |
7 transmembrane receptors seven membrane spanning a -helices |
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what about G protein intracellular loops |
one is larger than the other and interacts with the G- protein |
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adenylyl cyclase function |
responsible for cAMP formation |
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phospholipase C function |
responsible for inositol phosphate and DAG formation |
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rho A/ Rho kinase functions |
controlled activity of many signalling pathways controlling cell growth and proliferation and smooth muscle contraction |
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mitogen activated protein kinase function |
controls many cell functions, including cell division |
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explain adenyl cyclase/ camp system |
ligand binds to receptor and activates G protein turns ATP to CAMP activates protein kinase increased lipolysis reduced glycogen synthesis increased glycogen breakdown |
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phospholipase c/ inositol phosphate sytem |
activation of protein kinase C release of intracellular calcium calcium entry through membrane |
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alpha 1 receptors couple exclusively to what |
Gq |
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what can terminate cyclin AMP/ cGMP SIGNAL |
phosphodiestrases |
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disease processes can be characterised by what |
inappropriate desensitisation |
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name some things that can happen involving G proteins and G Protein couples receptors |
loss-of- function mutatations gain -of -fucntion -mutations polymorhisms |
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what does the phenotype caused by GPCR and G protein mutations depend on |
range of expression of the involved gene and where or not the mutation is germline or somatic |
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for germline mutations what eill the phenotype be |
pleiotropic for widely expressed genes and more focal for genes expressrd more narrowly germline- inherited |
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somatic mutation can cause what |
somatic mutation of even a ubiquitously expressed gene can cause focal manifestations somatic mutations occur in your lifetime occur anywhere in your body |
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what do kinase linked receptors do |
mediate the actions of a wide variety of protein mediators |
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constututive actuvation of RTKs may occur by what mechanisms |
activation by mutation autocrine- paracrine loops |
