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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is ventilation? What muscles are involved? What kind of muscles are they (cardiac, skeletal, smooth)?
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Movement of air in and out of airways
Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles Skeletal |
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Describe the pressure necessary for inhalation. How is this accomplished?
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Negative intrathoracic pressure
COntraction of diaphragm, intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles |
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What is conduction? What structures are involved? What happens to air during conduction?
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When air is conveyed to alveoli. Air is moistened, warmed, filtered.
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What occurs during gas exchange? Where does it occur?
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Thinly walled alveoli provide extensive surface area for gas exchange between blood and air
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What is the embryological origin of the respiratory system? How does it eventually become the respiratory system?
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Endodermal diverticulum (branching) of foregut (pharyngeal area)
Undergoes branching morphogenesis (series of branching) |
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What structures does the conduction portion of the respiratory system include? What is their function?
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Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Transport air to alveoli, filter, clean, moisten, warm/cool |
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What is the epithelial lining of the conduction portion of the respiratory system? What does this allow for?
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Respiratory epithelium = pseudostratified CILIATED epithelium with goblet cells
Muscous produces by goblet cells traps particulate matter, which is moved to posterior pharynx by ciliary action Can then be expectorated or swallowed |
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Where is the conduit system located? Describe its muscle, fiber, and connective tissue composition.
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Below pharynx: larynx to trachea and bronchi
Smooth muscle allows for constriction Elastic fibers provide recoil and are located within walls Contains complete or incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage |
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What structures make up the respiratory portion of the respiratory system? In which of these structures does gas exchange occur?
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Respiratory bronchioles, Alveolar Duct and its associated sacs and alveoli
Alveolar sacs and alveoli are where gas exchange occurs |
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Where can simple ciliated cuboidal or columnar cells be found in the respiratory tract?
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bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
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What epithelial cell type is found in the respiratory portion of the respiratory tract?
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Simple squamous
No goblet cells! |
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Describe the compartmentalization of the nasal cavity. Describe how they vary in epithelial linings and the purpose of this variation.
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Nose and nasal cavity (coarse hairs to trap dust), nasal septum divides into two chambers, bone plates (turbinate/conchae) divide each chamber into smaller chambers:
Two of surfaces lined with respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified columnar ciliated with goblet cells) Superior chamber lined with olfactory epithelium |
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How is air humidified in the nasal cavity?
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Addition of moisture from mucous membranes
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What kind of cells line the olfactory epithelium? What types of neurons are used? How are these olfactory cells specialized to serve their function?
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Olfactory cells; bipolar neurons
Have modified dendrites with long non-motile cilia for olfaction |
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What are the three cell types of olfactory epithelium?
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Olfactory cells
Support (sustantacular) cells to provide mechianical/metabolic support Basal cells (give rise to new olfactory cells) |
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Describe the path of air from the nasal cavity to the alveolar sac.
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Nasal Cavity
Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar Duct Alveolar Sac & Alveoli |
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Why is it that some portions of nasal cavity through to the larynx can have stratified squamous epithelium? Which structures are these?
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Areas of abrasion or direct air flow (oropharynx, epiglottis, vocal folds)
Provides more protection than typical respiratory epithelium |
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What is the first region of the pharynx? Epithelial cell type?
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Nasopharynx, pseudostratified ciliated
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Where are the paranasal sinuses located? What are they? Epithelial cell type?
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They're air-filled pockets within facial bones and around nasal cavities
Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated) |
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What two structures does the larynx connect? What are the cartilagenous structures of the larynx?
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Connects pharynx to trachea
Consists of epiglottis Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage (ring) Bilateral arytenoid cartilage (half rings, mirror image posterior cricoid) |
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What are the functions of the larynx?
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phonation, control of air pathway so that only air and not food reaches lower airway
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What is the uppermost part of the larynx? Epithelial cell type? Function?
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Epiglottis
Stratified squamous on lingual surface Respiratory epithelium on tracheal laryngeal |
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What cartilagenous structure supports the epiglottis? What types of glands are found in the epiglottis? What's their purpose?
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Elastic cartilage core supports epiglottis (surrounded by perichondrium)
Exocrine glands in lamina propia to secrete mucoid lubricant |
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What is lamina propria?
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CT subjacent to a wet surface
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What is adventitia?
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CT covering that lacks an epithelial boundary (found in respiratory tract)
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Describe the two layers of the vocal apparatus.
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Two pairs of folds:
False vocal cords (upper folds, vestibular folds, ventricular folds) separated from true vocal cords (lower folds) by laryngeal ventricle |
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What epithelial cell type lines the upper larynx?
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stratified squamous
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What are the three main regions of the larynx? Describe their locations.
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Vestibule: upper larynx (stratified squamous)
Ventricle: between vestibular folds and vocal folds Infraglottic space (space below ventricle and above trachea)--infra (below) glottis |
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What epithelial cell type lines the true vocal cords? The false vocal cords?
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True = stratified squamous (exposed to direct airflow)
False = respiratory epithelium and lamina propria with exocrine glands |
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What type of cartilage provides support and protection for the larynx?
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Hyaline
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What structures does the trachea connect? What is distinct about its lamina propria?
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Larynx to bifurcation of primary bronchi
Lamina propria contains 16-20 C-shaped ventral hyaline cartilage rings Open end of C connected by smooth muscle and fibroelastic ligament |
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How do the primary bronchi branches differ from one another?
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Right branch is vertical, left branch is oblique
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What cartilagenous structures are present in the bronchi? Describe structural changes due to branching.
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O-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
As bronchi divide (secondary/lobar bronchi), hyaline cartilage forms irregular plates instead of rings |
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How are bronchioles different from respiratory structures before them?
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Do not contain cartilage, do not have glands
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What is a key histologic finding of bronchi?
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Plates, not rings, of hyaline cartilage
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What is the epithelial cell type of the terminal bronchioles? What other cells are present that are unique to this region?
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simple ciliated cuboidal that becomes cuboidal
Clara cells (non-ciliated secretory) located between ciliated cells (unknown fn, secrete GAGs--constituent of ECM) |
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What do asthma drugs act on?
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Act on smooth muscle in lamina propria of terminal bronchioles
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Describe the innervation of terminal bronchioles.
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Sympathetic = dilation of smooth muscle
Parasympathethic = constriction of smooth muscle |
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What do respiratory bronchioles serve as? Epithelial cell type?
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TRANSITION between conducting and respiratory portions of respiratory tract
non-ciliated simple cuboidal (Clara cells) that transition into squamous at respiratory bronchiole/alveolar duct junction No cartilage, no goblet cells ,have smooth muscle, closely associated with PA |
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Describe the alveolar ducts.
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Short tubes into which open numerous alveoli. Knobs of smooth muscle separate adjacent alveoli.
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What is the atria of an alveolar duct?
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Terminal portion of alveolar duct opens into atrium (alveolar sac). Many alveoli open into the atria.
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Whare are alveoli? What structures surround them?
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sac-like and final part of the bronchial tree; each sac surrounded by capillary network.
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Describe the walls of alveoli. What cells do they contain?
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Very thin:
Endothelial cells of blood capillaries (continuous, non-fenestrated) squamous cells (Type 1 Pneumocytes) secretory cells (Type 2 Pneumocytes; cuboidal) |
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Where are Type 2 pneumocytes usually found? What is their role?
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Junctions (septae) between walls of alveoli. Secrete surfactant to line alveoli and thus reduce surface tension to zero, preventing alveolar collapse.
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What do alveolar machrophages do?
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AKA Dust Cells; remove debris from lumen and from interstitium
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Starting with the respiratory bronchioles, describe the pathway air must take.
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Alveolar ducts (hallways)
Atria: last portion of duct opens into atrium (foyer - opening at end of hallway) Alveoli - final compartment of respiratory tree |
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A: Stratified Squamous
B: Exocrine glands C: Elastic cartilage |
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A: Pseudostratified with goblet cells
B: Exocrine glands C: Perichondrium D: Hyaline Cartilage |
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A: Goblet Cell
B: Pseudostratified Cell Type C: Basal Lamina |
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A: Alveolus with clara cells; simple cuboidal, some ciliated
B: Smooth Muscle |
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A: Alveolar Duct
B: Clara Cells C: Respiratory Bronchiole |
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A: Alveoli (thinly walled)
B: Respiratory bronchiole (thick wall) |
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Respiratory Bronchiole
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A: RBC in capillary
B: Type 1 Pneumocyte C: Type 2 Pneumocyte (can dedifferentiate into stem cell and redifferentiate into type 1 cell) |
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A: Macrophage
B: Type 2 Pneumocyte C: Interalveolar septa |
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Type 2 pneumocyte: can tell because hallmark feature = osmeophilic lamellar bodies (striped things = lamellae)
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Cartilage type? Where in respiratory system would this be find?
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Elastic Cartilage--look at fibrous (elastin) content
Epiglottis ONLY |
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Cartilage type? Where in respiratory system would this be find?
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Elastic--notice elastic fiber content; epiglottis only
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Cartilage type? Where in respiratory system would this be find?
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Hyaline (not very fibrous; pretty bubbly); could find in rings of trachea, bronchi, plates of cartilage in bronchioles
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