Biology - Unit 1 : Scn 1De - Science

Front 1

Ecosystem:

Back 1

The interacting network of living and non-living things

Front 2

Food Chain:

Back 2

A series of organisms obtaining energy by eeating other organisms

Front 3

Where do ALL food chains get their energy from?

Back 3

The Sun!

Front 4

What is a food web?

Back 4

An intermingling of food chains

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Biotic (living factor):

Back 5

A factor in an ecosystem created by the presence and roles of other living things
(ex: population of mice, owls)

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Abiotic (Non-living Factor):

Back 6

A factor in an ecosystem created by non-living agents

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What are some examples of abiotic factors?

Back 7

-Temperature
- Amount of sunlight
- Wind

Front 8

What is the primary source of food in an ecosystem?

Back 8

Plants

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Producer:

Back 9

An organism that uses PHOTOSYNTHESIS to make food (ex: plants)

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Consumer:

Back 10

An organism that MUST EAT PRODUCERS or other consumers to survive (ex: mouse, cow, fox)

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Herbivore:

Back 11

An animal that eats PLANTS (ex: caribou, deer)

Front 12

Carnivore:

Back 12

An animal that eats other ANIMALS (ex: lion)

Front 13

Omnivore:

Back 13

An animal that eats both PLANTS & ANIMALS (ex: grizzly bear, human)

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Detretivore:

Back 14

(Scavengers + Decomposers)
- an organism that uses organic waste as a food

Front 15

Scavenger:

Back 15

An animal that feeds on dead organisms [especially a carnivorous animal that eats animals instead of (or in addition to) hunting live prey]

Front 16

What are some examples of Scavengers?

Back 16

- Vultures
- Hyenas
- Wolves

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Detrius:

Back 17

Waste from plants & animals, including their dead remains

Front 18

Decomposer:

Back 18

An organism that feeds on DETRIUS, in the process releasing NUTRIENTS to the soil [ (and water) where they can be used by other organisms]

Front 19

What are some examples of decomposers?

Back 19

- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Worms

Front 20

Niche:

Back 20

The specific function that a plant or animal performs in an ecosystem

(ex: are food, decompose, produce)

Front 21

Habitat:

Back 21

The conditions required for the survival of a species

(ex: Food, Water, Shelter, Air)

Front 22

During Photosynthesis what type of energy transaction takes place?

Back 22

LIGHT ENERGY is captured and changed into CHEMICAL ENERGY through the process of photosynthesis

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Why do species become extinct?

Back 23

1. Habitat Destruction
2. Exploitation
3. Hunting
4. Accidents

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Extinct:

Back 24

A species that is NO LONGER FOUND ANYWHERE

(ex: dodo bird, blue walleye)

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Endangered:

Back 25

A species that is CLOSE TO EXTINCTION in all parts of Canada (or in a significantly large location)

(ex: eastern cougar)

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Extirpated:

Back 26

A species that no longer exists in ONE PART of Canada but can be found in others

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Threatened:

Back 27

Any species that is LIKELY TO BECOME ENDANGERED if factors that make it vulnerable not reversed

(ex: wood bison)

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Vulnerable:

Back 28

And species that is AT RISK because of low or declining numbers at the fringe of it's range

(ex: grey fox)

Front 29

Levels of the food chain:

Back 29

Sun (Energy from the sun)
-> Plants (Primary Producers: 1st Trophic Level)
-> Grasshoppper (Primary Consumer: 2nd Trophic Level)
-> Birds (Secondary Consumer: 3rd Trophic Level)
-> Hawk (Tertiary Consumer: 4th Trophic Level)

Front 30

How does matter move through the biosphere?

Back 30

Matter moves through the biosphere by travelling from one trophic level to the next (in a cycle)

Front 31

In a food pyramid how much energy is passed on to the next level?

Back 31

Roughly 10% of energy is passed on to the next level (trophic efficiency)

Front 32

Why is only 10% of energy passed on in a food/energy pyramid?

Back 32

- Limited amount of food energy to the consumer
- Not all matter is digestable
- Energy is wasted as heat (& waste)

Front 33

Food Pyramid:

Back 33

|1| (Great Horned Owl)Tertiary Consumer
| 10 | (Weasel) Secondary Consumer
| 100 | (Jackrabbit) Primary Consumer
|1000EnegyUnits| (Grass) Primary Producer

Front 34

Albedo:

Back 34

The % of Light that an object reflects

Front 35

What does a high albedo cause?

Back 35

A high albedo causes less energy to be absorbed and helps maintain global temperature

Front 36

Thermodynamics:

Back 36

The study of energy transformations

Front 37

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Back 37

- Although energy can be transformed/changed from one form to another, it cannot be created or destroyed

Front 38

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Back 38

- During an energy transformation some energy is changed into an unusable form (heat) that CANNOT be passed on.

Each time energy is transformed some enegy is 'lost'

Therefore there is Always less energy available at a step of the food chain than at the previous step

Front 39

What are the 3 types of food pyramids?

Back 39

- Pyramid of #'s
- Pyramid of Biomass
- Pyramid of Energy

Front 40

Limitations -> pyramid of #s:

Back 40

- Doesn't represent energy contribution

Front 41

Limitations -> Pyramid of Biomass

Back 41

- Assumes that 1g of a species has the same eenergy contribution as 1g of another species
- Does not consider energy contribution

Front 42

Limitations -> Pyramid of Energy

Back 42

- The BEST representation of the relationship between trophic levels

Front 43

Autotroph:

Back 43

A self feeder.
They get their energy directly from the sun and don't eat other oganisms

Front 44

Heterotroph:

Back 44

Can't make their own food, rely on smaller heterotrophs (or producers) for food & energy

Front 45

What are all living organisms made up of?

Back 45

-Carbon
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen
- Nitrogen
- Sulphur
- Phosphorous

Front 46

(Evapo)Transpiration:

Back 46

Plants evaporating water from the soil (through their roots, to ensure all it's organisms get water)

Front 47

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

Back 47

6CO(2) [carbon dioxide] + 6H(2)O [water] + light [light energy] = C(6)H(12)O(6) [glucose] + 6O(2)[oxygen]

Front 48

How much of the atmosphere is made up of Nitrogen?

Back 48

79%

Front 49

Biocides:

Back 49

Poisonous chemicals used to eliminate/control weeds/insects/PESTS(ddt)

Biocides are not broken down, simply passed on to the next trophic level

Front 50

Bioamplification:

Back 50

A process that results in the concentration of biocides at each suceeded trophic level

Front 51

Natality (births):

Back 51

the # of offspring of a species born in a year

Front 52

Mortality (deaths):

Back 52

The # of individuals if a species that die in one year

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Immigration:

Back 53

The # of individuals of a species moving into an existing population

Front 54

Emigration:

Back 54

The # of individuals of a species moving out of an existing population

Front 55

What are the 4 factors that can affect a population?

Back 55

- Birth potential
- Capacity for survival
- Procreation
- Length of reproductive life

Front 56

Open Popualtion:

Back 56

All 4 factors can affects a population

Front 57

Closed Population:

Back 57

Only Natality and Mortality can affect a population

Front 58

Biotic Potential:

Back 58

The maximum # of offspring thats a species could produce if resources were unlimited

Front 59

Birth Potential:

Back 59

The Maximum # of offspring per birth

Front 60

Capacity for survival:

Back 60

The maximum # of offspring that reach reproductive age

Front 61

Procreation:

Back 61

The # of times that a species reproduces each year

Front 62

Length of reproductive life:

Back 62

The age of sexual maturity and the # of years the individual can reproduce

Front 63

Carrying Capacity:

Back 63

The Maximum # of individuals of a species that can be supported indefinately by an ecosystem

Front 64

Abiotic factors that cause a population to increase:

Back 64

- Favourable light
- Favourable temperature
- Favourable chemical environment

Front 65

Abiotic factors that causes a population to decrease:

Back 65

- Too much or too little light
- Too cold or too warm (temperature)
- Unfavourable chemical environment

Front 66

Biotic factors that cause a population to increase:

Back 66

- Sufficient food
- Low # or efficiency of predators
- Few/weak diseases and parasites
- Ability to compete for resources

Front 67

Biotic factors that cause a population to decrease:

Back 67

- Insufficient food
- High #/effectiveness of predators
- Many/Strong diseases or parasites
- Inability to compete for resources

Front 68

Law of the minimum:

Back 68

The nutrient in least supply is the one that limits growth

Front 69

Law of Tolerance:

Back 69

An organism can survive within a certain tolerance zone of an abiotic factor (the bigger the range the more chance of survival)

Front 70

Density Independent Factors:

Back 70

Affect members if a population regardless of population density

Front 71

What are some examples of Density independent factors?

Back 71

- Flood
- Drought
- Fire
- Habitat Destruction
- Spraying with pesticides
- Change in temperature
- Population Density

Front 72

Density Dependent Factors:

Back 72

Affect a population because of the density of the population

Front 73

What are some examples of Density Dependent factors?

Back 73

- Food shortage
- Competition for mates or habitat
- Disease
- Introduction of an exotic species
- Increased predation
- Competition for water

Front 74

Denitrification:

Back 74

The process performed by some soil bacteria, in which nitrates are converted to nitrites, and then to nitrogen gas