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233 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Why do different people need different amounts of energy ? |
The metabolic rate differs form person to person |
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If less energy is taken in than the amount of energy that is used, what will happen to the person's mass ? |
It will decrease (they will lose weight) |
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If you take in more energy than you need, what will happen to your mass ? |
It will increase (you will put on weight) |
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What can obesity lead to ? |
-Type 2 diabetes -High Blood pressure |
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Why is it just as bad to be underweight as being obese ? |
They might find it difficult to walk about and will suffer from deficiency diseases due to a lack of vitamins and minerals being taken into the body |
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What can inherited factors affect ? |
-Metabolic rate -Cholesterol levels |
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What can high levels of 'bad' cholesterol lead to ? |
Heart disease |
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What are pathogens ? |
Micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases. Most pathogens are bacteria or viruses. |
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What is the speed of pathogen reproduction and what else do they produce ? |
-Reproduce rapidly -Produce poisonous toxins |
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Where do viruses reproduce ? |
They reproduce inside cells and do damage from inside, this is what makes you feel ill. |
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What did Doctor Semmelweiss discover about pathogens ? |
He discovered that infections could be transferred from patient to patient. He told fellow doctors to wash their hands to reduce the spread of diseases in hospitals, but they didn't listen to him. Now we know he is right though ! |
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Name the body's defence mechanisms |
-The skin -Mucus traps pathogens, killed by stomach acid -White blood cells |
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Name 2 of the 3 ways which a white blood cell defends your body |
1. They ingest the pathogen 2. Antibodies are produce to help destory a certain kind of pathogen 3.Antitoxins are produced to counteract the toxins produced by the pathogens |
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What do antibiotics do inside the body ? |
They kill infective bacteria |
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What is penicillin and who discovered it ? |
It is an antibiotic, and was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928 |
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Yes or no, can antibiotics destroy viruses |
No |
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Why are viruses difficult to destroy ? |
They reproduce within cells so any treatment used to destroy them could also do damage to your body cells. This means that you would still feel ill despite no viruses being inside you until the cells have been reproduced |
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What kind of jelly can bacteria be grown in ? |
Agar jelly |
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What might have happened to a new strain of virus in order for it to spread quickly between people ? |
It might have mutated |
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What can new strains of viruses cause ? |
Epidemics and pandemics |
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By mutating, what happens to the bacteria in order for it to be harder to destroy ? |
Developed resistance to existing antibiotics by natural selection |
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What do vaccines contain ? |
They contain dead or inactive pathogens |
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What do vaccines encourage your white blood cells to do ? |
They encourage WBC to produce antibodies that destroy the harmless pathogen |
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What do vaccinations protect individuals and society from ? |
The effects of the disease |
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If antibiotics are overused, what can happen to the bacteria? |
Develop new strands meaning existing antibiotics become useless against them |
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What does a healthy diet contain ? |
A balance of all the food types |
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What kind of reaction happens at the synapse ? |
A chemical reaction |
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In the reflex arc, what is the proper name for a muscle or gland where action is take to respond ? |
An effector |
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In the reflex arc, what detects the stimulus ? |
A receptor |
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In the reflex arc, what does the impulse travel along whilst on its way towards the synapse ? |
Sensory neuron |
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In the reflex arc, what happens after the sensory neuron and before the motor neuron ? |
The impulse is transmitted across the synapse by chemicals onto the relay neuron which then stimulates the motor neuron |
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What is the sequence between the receptor and effector called ? |
The reflex arc |
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What is made by the puituitary gland? |
FSH and LH |
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Where is oestrogen produced ? |
In the ovaries |
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What does oestrogen do ? |
-It inhibits the further production of FSH -Stimulates production of LH -Stimulates the womb lining to develop in order to receive the egg |
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What is biomass? |
It is the mass of living/dry material in plants and
animals |
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What does a pyramid of biomass represent ? |
The mass of organisms at each stage in a food chain |
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What kind of energy do green plants and algae capture during photosynthesis ? |
Light energy |
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True or false, there is energy wastage at each stage of a food chain |
True
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When food that has been eaten cannot be fully digested, what happens to it ? |
Its energy is stored in faeces or as urea in urine |
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What are detritus feeders ? |
They start to process of decay by eating dead animals or plants and produce waste materials |
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What are decay organisms and what are they commonly known as ? |
They are microorganisms and are called decomposers |
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True or false, decay will happen faster in cold and dry conditions |
False, decay will happen faster in warm and wet conditions |
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Where do humans recycle waste ? Name 2 ways |
In sewage treatment plants and compost heaps |
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Name the 3 conditions that help decay to occur quicker |
-Warmth -Moist -Aerobic |
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By being cold blooded, where is energy least lost? |
Little energy is lost to the environment as little energy is used to heat the animal |
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By being a carnivore, where is energy least lost ? |
Little energy is lost through undigested food in faeces |
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Give an example of a detritus feeder |
Worm |
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What is the constant cycling of carbon in nature more commonly known as ? |
The carbon cycle |
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What does the recycling of carbon involve most ? There are two ways |
Photosynthesis and respiration |
Plants do this in order to produce energy and human do it so they live |
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What two processes return carbon to the atmosphere ? |
Respiration and combustion |
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Why is recycling organic kitchen and garden waste necessary ? |
-Reduce landfill -Reduce methane production -Recycle minerals and nutrients in the waste |
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By adding worms and layers of garden soil to composers, what will happen to the process ? |
It will be quicker (speed up) |
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What does the nucleus of a cell contain ? (They are thread-like structures) |
Chromosomes |
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What do chromosomes carry ? |
They carry genes |
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What is another name for a sex cell ? |
Gametes |
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How many sets of genes are found in a skin cell and in a sex cell ? |
Skin - 2 sets Sex - 1 set |
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What do genes control ? |
They control the development of different characterises in an offspring |
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True or false, asexual reproduction involves 2 parents |
False, only one parent is involved |
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Define sexual reproduction |
Fusion of sex cells (gametes) in order to produce an offspring |
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Asexual or sexual reproduction, which produces a clone of itself in an offspring |
Asexual |
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Asexual or sexual reproduction, which has a mixture of genetic data, meaning the offspring shows variation |
Sexual |
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Name 2 factors which mean differences in characteristics occur individuals of the same species |
-DIfference in the genes they have inherited -The conditions in which they have developed |
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What are individuals that are genetically identical to their parents known as ? |
Clones
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True or false, it is much more difficult to clone plants than it is to clone animals ? |
False, it is easier to clone plants than animals |
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How can we clone plants in a cheap, and quick way ? |
By taking cutting from the end of plants and growing them |
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What is it called when we take a small group of cells from a part of a plant and grow them under special conditions ? |
Tissue culture |
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When is tissue culture more common used ? |
In order to produce large number of a rare or a top quality plant |
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What are embryo transplants used for ? |
To clone animals |
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Describe the process of embryo transplant |
An embryo with unspecialised cells is split into a smaller group of cells Each group of genetically identical cels is transplanted and allowed to be developed in a host animal. |
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True or false, we can genetically modify animals in order to change certain characteristics before they are cloned ? |
True, we can do this |
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What is a placebo? |
Given to people who are trialling a new drug, but doesn't contain any of the drug so is harmless. |
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Why are placebos used ? |
In order to check that the being tested really has an effect on people. |
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What is a double-blind trial ? |
A trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows if they are receiving the real drug or the placebo. |
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What was thalidomide originally developed as ? |
A sleeping pill. Was later found out that it could control morning sickness in pregnant women |
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What happened to babies whose mother had taken thalidomide during the pregnancy ? |
Born with limb abnormalities |
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What happened as a result of thalidomide effects on drug testing ? |
They were improved so that the drugs are tested on all types on people. This didn't happen with thalidomide as it wasn't tested on pregnant women, which lead to babies being born with abnormaltites |
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What is a statin ? |
Drugs which lower the amount of 'bad' cholesterol carried in the blood |
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What should we do to figure out if either or both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs work on patients ? |
Conduct a double-blind trial |
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Use of statins has lowered what by over 40% in the population ? |
Cardiovascular disease |
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Name 3 recreational drugs |
-Cocaine -Heroin -Cannabis |
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What can you suffer from if you stop taking drugs that you are addicted to ? |
Withdrawal symptoms |
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Chemicals in cannabis smoke can cause what ? |
Mental health problems, especially in teenagers |
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What are steroids ? |
Drugs that are used in order to build up muscle mass |
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Why do athletes use drugs ? |
In order to make them perform better |
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True or false, using performance-enhancing drugs can damage the body permanently and even lead to death |
True |
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Why is it very easy to become addicted to recreational drugs ? |
They affect the nervous system by changing chemical processes |
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What are 2 legal drugs but are used recreationally ? |
-Caffeine -Nicotine |
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Why do some people think that it is unethical to take drugs in sport ? |
Some of the athletes have to work really hard in order to build muscle and be fit, so if some people used drugs in order to help them, it would be really unfair |
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What are the 4 internal conditions that are controlled by the body ? |
-Water content -Ion content -Temperature -Blood sugar level |
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What does auxin control ? |
Phototropism and geotropism |
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Describe a phototropism effect |
Plant shoots growing towards light |
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Descibe a geotropismeffect |
Roots growing down towards the centre of gravity |
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If auxin is distribution unequally, what will happen ? |
The plant will grow unevenly, so a shoot or a root will start to bend |
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What is the hormone auxin found in ? |
Plants |
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How can we use plant growth hormones? |
Used as weed killers or to stimulate root growth |
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What are special features of organisms called ?
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Adaptations
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What are extremophiles? |
They are microorganisms which are adapted to live in conditions where enzymes don't usually work, as they would normally denature |
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Name 3 things that plants need in order to survive |
-Light
-Carbon Dioxide -Water -Oxygen -Nutrients (Mineral ions from the soil) |
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What do adaptations allow organisms to do ? |
Survive in a particular habitat, even when conditions are extreme |
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when drug testing what is the stage called for the first 3 years? |
pre clinical development
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what happens in the pre clinical development part of drug testing
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tests on cells animals organs cant be predicted by computers.
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when drug testing what is years 4 - 9 called? |
clinical development |
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what happens in clinical development
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drug is tested on up to 100 volunteers with a certain illness to find out its effect and to find out a safe dosage
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when drug testing what is years 10-11 called? |
regulatory review
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what happens in the regulatory review?
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200-400 tested on to see weather it works and make sure it doesn't cause big side effects
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in years 3-9 of drug testing how do they test the effectiveness of the drug?
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drug is tested on 3000+ patients the drug is compared with an existing drug or placebo.
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how do statins work?
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stop the liver producing too much cholesterol
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drawbacks of statins
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patients need to have th right diet for the full effect of the statins
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positives of statins
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reduce bad cholesterol can reduce the risk of cardiorvascular disease by 40% |
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how/why does someone get addicted to a drug? |
it changes chemical reactions within the body which make you rely on that drug to carry out certain reactions.
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what does caffine do to the body?
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increase heart rate
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what do recreation drugs effect?
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nervous system and brain
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what does caffeine nicotine and cocaine all do??
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speed up brain activity
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what does cannabis and alcohol do?
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slow responses
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what does heroine do?
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stops nervous impulses so no pain is felt.
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name some health problems with cannabis
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physiological problems
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how can cannabis lead to harder drugs?
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see if other stronger drugs have the same or better effects.
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give the for's and agonists of canabis
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makes someone laid back and relaxed potentially have positive medical effects but alters preception |
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name some drugs in sport and there effects
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EPO- more blood cells, so more oxygen. leads to kidney problems stimulants- more alert but damage nervous system anabolic steroids- increases muscle mass changes in sexual appearence beater blockers- steady hands but lads to depression |
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name 4 features of a good medicine
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effective, safe,and successful
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what is the defence between prescribed and non prescribed drugs
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prescribed drugs have had scientific studies whereas no prescribed haven't.
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name an extremophile and how its adapted
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bow head whale- doesn't eat on gulping prey laden like others they feed on zooplankton |
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what is an epiphyte?
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a plant that grows on another plant
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how have dessert ants adapted to extreme heat?
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the have adapted to come out in the hottest part of the day to avoid predators.
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how is the polar bear adapted?
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got good eye sight. thick fur. body surface area is small black skin underneath fur. |
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how is the dessert fox adapted?
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small surface area large little loss of water large ears little body fat |
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how have dessert plants adapted?
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broad leaves with large surface areas so they can funnel water to there shallow roots spikes to protect them from predators small surface area to prevent water loss |
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what is interspecific competition?
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competition that occurs between different species
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what is intraspecific competition?
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completion between the same species
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what do lichens tell us? |
how much sulphur dioxide is in the air the more leafy they are the more sulphur dioxide there is
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what do plants compete for?
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territory minerals water soil |
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how can animals and plants be used to measure environmental change
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only certain animals can live in particular conditions so if pollution levels increased there may be a decrease in a certain specie of plant or animal.
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what is a carnivore
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animal that eats meat
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what is a primary consumer?
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first to be eaten
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what is a secondary consumer?
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second to be eaten
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what is a producer?
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feeds the primary consumer
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whats a herbivore
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an animal that doesn't eat meat
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whats an omnivore
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eats meat and plants
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what is biomass?
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dry mass of material in living organisms
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what is the original source for all energy?
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the sun
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where is biomass lost in an animal? |
excretion urine release of heat movement respiration biomass tuned in to new biomass adding weight and growth to an animal. |
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what do all living things do?
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move respire have sensitivity grow reproduce excreate need nutritions |
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what would happen without decay?
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there would be a build up of dead things nutrients supply reduced no recycled nutrients |
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name the steps to decomposition
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decomposers break down dead organisms then return nutrients to environment |
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what ARE DETRITUS FEEDERS?
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they start the process of decay by eating dead oragnisms
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what do microbes do?
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release carbon dioxide water and nutrients as waste
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what are the best conditions for decay?
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warm moist. cold makes the process sloe and too hot stops the process |
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what is a pyramid of biomass? |
it shows how much energy is passed on through a food chain
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define inheritance
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the characteristics passed on from parents to child
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define genes
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the characteristics that are carried in the DNA
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what doe chromosomes carry?
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genes
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define DNA
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genetic information is held here?
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what is sexual reproduction
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reproduction that involves 2 organisims
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what is asexual reproduction
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involves 1 organisim
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what is nature genetic variation Vs nature environmental variety?
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nature (g v) happens naturally through reproduction Nature (Ev) IS THINGS INHERITED BY THE ENVIRONMENT |
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explain embryonic cloning
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dividing the embryo of certain animals resulting in identical animals
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explain adult cell cloning
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taking an egg and a body cell and putting them in the embryo
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explain the steps of genetic engineering of insulin
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1) special enzyme is used to cut the insulin gene out from the DNA. 2) in a separate operation a ring of bacterial plasmid is cut open using a special enzyme. 3) insulin gene inserted into plasmid by an enzyme 4)plasmid with insulin gene is taken up by bactirium 5)bacterium multiply 6)The insulin gene is switched on and the insulin is harvested |
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why does variation occur?
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sexual reproduction involves joining different genetic information which will vary between male and felmale |
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give facts of a sexual reproduction
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one parent no variation one organism reproduction without sex no joining of cells offspring are clones |
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give facts of sexual reproduction
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two parents reproduction with sex gives variation |
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what does haploid mean?
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half the number of chromosomes
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what does diploid mean
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all chromosomes
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what causes genetic variation?
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inheritated from parents through genes
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what cause environmental variation?
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climate diet culture accidents and lifestyle
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name the steps for taking cuttings
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1) remove part of the plant 2)wash the microbes off in bleach 3) put in deionising water 4) put in petri dish |
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explain the steps involved from cloning animals (cows)
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pick a cow with the qualities you want put sperm from a bull into the cow |
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what is early embryo?
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cluster of identical cells |
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describe the stages of embryo transplants
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divide each embryo into several individual cella then each cell grows into an identical embryo (in labs) |
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describe the steps of Fusion cell cloning
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a cell is used from 1 sheep. a mature ovum is used from a different sheep. the ovum's nuclus nucleus is removed the ovum and the cell have an electric shock the nucleus from the 1st sheep fuses with the empty ovum and starts the divide to form embryo this is then planted into a third sheep who delivers the baby sheep |
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advantages of animal cloning
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can make copies with features we won't. extinct and endangered species can be repopulated through cloning. makes it possible to produce genetically identical organs and tissues for organ implants |
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disadvantages to animal cloning
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reduce variety in a species seen as immoral eggs get wasted |
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disadvantages of genetic engineering
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fairly new science often not fertile - buy more seeds each year unknown effects on the environment |
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what is Lamarks theory of evolution?
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aninmals adapt to suit their environment ll evolved from worms caused by inheritance of acquired characteristics behaviour effects features useful changesgot past on in their off spring |
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what is Darwins theory of evolution
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origin of species Same birds look different because of their habitat there are links between human and animal evolution |
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what evidence did Darwin use to support his theory?
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Animals and plants that he saw on his journey he showed that organisms on different islands had adapted to their environment by natural selection, so they evolved to be different
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What id Darwin do to prove his theory? |
made detailed drawings made notes from his voyage collected various species gained evidence from breeding pigeons at home and showed that features could be artificially selected |
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why was Darwins theory not excepted straight away?
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because people back then where very religious and believed god created everything lack of evidence It was not heard of |
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what new evidence could be used to support darwins theory?
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New knowledge of genes variations and causes genetic modifying genetic tests DNA |
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What is natural selection?
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all species are varied and have different adaptations but the ones that are best adapted are most likely going to survive (called survival of the fittest.)
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what things in that environment can cause mutations?
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radiation - sun causes skin cancer temperature change Genetic modifiying alcohol smoke from burning plastic chemicals |
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why is there such a big chance of getting a mutation?
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they reproduce very quick and can survive in different environments.
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what is classification?
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grouping living things by their similarities and differences
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advantages of claassification
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makes it easier to study living things helps us understand how life began shows how groups are related to one another helps understand evolution |
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Define a kingdom
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animals, plants, fungi, Protista, eubacteria and archaebacterial.
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define the term animals
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they move but dont have cell walls
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define the term plants
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they have cell walls and chlorophyll
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define the term species
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all very similar, they can breed and produce fertile off spring
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explain how the peppered moth shows evolution
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when it was smoggy the moth was black to reduce the chance of being seen but when the smog went the turned white.
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what are the 7 components of a healthy diet?
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carbohydrates proteins fats mineral fibres water vitamins |
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what are the different methods of infection |
droplet infection this is direct contact from things like contaminated food or a break in the skin |
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what is the differences between bacteria and virusus
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bacteria are singled cell organisms which can cause disease but many are harmless a virus is smaller then bacteria unusual shapes and cause diseases |
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how do our bodies defend against disease
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skin covers body - stops things getting in our body blood clots and forms scabs. mucus traps pathogens |
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what issues are there with being overweight
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diabetes, arthritis, high blood pressure, heart disease
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what issues are there with being underweight
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loss of muscles, immune system doesn't work properly
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what does malnourished mean?
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you dont have a balanced diet
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what is the metabolic rate?
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the rate at which chemical reactions take place in your body
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what steps do you take to grow uncontaminated bacterial culture>?
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sterilise the dish sterilise the inoculating loop seal the lip after |
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what temperature do we incubate plates at school?
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25
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how does genetic modification work? |
Certain enzymes can cut pieces of DNA from one organism, and join them into a gap in the DNA of another organism.
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what does genetic modification do?
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new organism with inserted genes has the genetic information for one or more new characteristics.
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how does genetic modification differ to cloning?
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cloning: produces exact copies genes copied within the same species Gm: produces a unique set of genes genes can be swapped across species |
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what does AUXIN do in the shoot of the plant?
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encourages growth
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what does Auxin do in the root of a plant? |
slows growth
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how does Auxin in shoots flow? and why?
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evenly so th whole plant will grow evenly
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what does auxin in shoots do when light is present?
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it moves away from the light
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why do plants bend towards light?
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auxin moves away from light so will move to the side of the plant that has no light make that side of the plant grow quickly this causes the plant to be heavier this side and lighter on the side where the light is so will bend over towards the light
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what is phototropism
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growing towards light
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what is negative phototropism
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growing away from light
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in roots where is more Auxin found?
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on the lower ide of the root
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why does the root grow downwards
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more auxin on the lower side of the root making it grow less the upper side grows more is follows the force of gravity so bends downwards
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what does rooting compound have in? and what does it do?
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hormones that encourage the growth of roots |
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how can rooting compound be used to make new plants?
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take a cutting from an existing plant dip it in the compound the place in soil the compound will help grow roots for the cutting
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how do weed killers work?
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have auxins in this accelerates growth so quickly that the weed grows out of control
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what do platelets do?
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help blood clot quickly
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what happens when white blood cells detect a foreign antigen?
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produce proteins called antibodies
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name pros to vaccines
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vaccines help control lots of diseases that were once common in the uk
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name cons to vaccines
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they dont always work you can have a bad reaction to some vaccines |
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name the steps to investigate antibiotics
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microorganisms are grown in agar jelly hot agar jelly is poured into petri dishes when the jelly is cooled and set inculating loops are used to transfer microorganism from culuture medium the microorganism multiply paper discs are soaked in different types of antibiotics& placedon the jelly non resistant strains will die antibiotic resistant bacteria continuers to grow |
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name the differences between bacteria and viruses
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bacteria can multiple to make new strains. new strain can be antibiotic resistant. so the enw strain could spread rapidly Viruses mtate often. hard to develop vaccines against them. they can be deadly |
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name the5 different sense organs
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eyes tongue nose ears skin
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what does nervous cells carry?
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signals from the sensory neurons to motor neurons
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whats the motor neuron do?
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carrys signals from the CNS to the effector
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what does a large body surface area allow?
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lose heat quickly
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name some living factors
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infectious diseases predators prey competitors |
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name some non living factors
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temperature rainfall pollution |
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what does trophic level mean?
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feeding level
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breifl;y describe taking cuttings
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take cutting from good parent plants then plant them to produce genetically identical copies this is quick and cheap |
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describe briefly tissue culture
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this is where a few plant cells are put in growth medium with hormones and they grow into new plants (clones of the parent plant) grown quick in v little space and grown all year round |
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briefly describe embryo transplants
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sperm taken and egg taken sperm artificially fertilise egg the embryo splits many times to form clones cloned embryos are implanted into lots of animals which are genetically identical to each other |
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describe briefly adult cell cloning
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unfertilised egg and removes its genetic material a complete set of choromsomes from adult body cell inserted into empty egg egg is given electric shock making it divide when embryo is a ball of cells its implanted into an adult female |
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descfribe briefly genetic engineering
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idea is to copy useful genes useful gene is cut out using enzymes enzymes are used to cut another organisms chromosome and then insert the useful gene |
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