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100 Cards in this Set

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Why do different people need different amounts of energy ?

The metabolic rate differs form person to person

If less energy is taken in than the amount of energy that is used, what will happen to the person's mass ?

It will decrease (they will lose weight)

If you take in more energy than you need, what will happen to your mass ?

It will increase (you will put on weight)

What can obesity lead to ?

-Type 2 diabetes


-High Blood pressure

Why is it just as bad to be underweight as being obese ?

They might find it difficult to walk about and will suffer from deficiency diseases due to a lack of vitamins and minerals being taken into the body

What can inherited factors affect ?

-Metabolic rate


-Cholesterol levels



What can high levels of 'bad' cholesterol lead to ?

Heart disease

What are pathogens ?

Micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases. Most pathogens are bacteria or viruses.

What is the speed of pathogen reproduction and what else do they produce ?

-Reproduce rapidly


-Produce poisonous toxins

Where do viruses reproduce ?

They reproduce inside cells and do damage from inside, this is what makes you feel ill.

What did Doctor Semmelweiss discover about pathogens ?

He discovered that infections could be transferred from patient to patient. He told fellow doctors to wash their hands to reduce the spread of diseases in hospitals, but they didn't listen to him.




Now we know he is right though !

Name the body's defence mechanisms

-The skin


-Mucus traps pathogens, killed by stomach acid


-White blood cells

Name 2 of the 3 ways which a white blood cell defends your body

1. They ingest the pathogen


2. Antibodies are produce to help destory a certain kind of pathogen


3.Antitoxins are produced to counteract the toxins produced by the pathogens

What do antibiotics do inside the body ?

They kill infective bacteria

What is penicillin and who discovered it ?

It is an antibiotic, and was discovered by


Alexander Fleming in 1928

Yes or no, can antibiotics destroy viruses

No

Why are viruses difficult to destroy ?

They reproduce within cells so any treatment used to destroy them could also do damage to your body cells. This means that you would still feel ill despite no viruses being inside you until the cells have been reproduced

What kind of jelly can bacteria be grown in ?

Agar jelly

What might have happened to a new strain of virus in order for it to spread quickly between people ?

It might have mutated

What can new strains of viruses cause ?

Epidemics and pandemics

By mutating, what happens to the bacteria in order for it to be harder to destroy ?

Developed resistance to existing antibiotics by natural selection

What do vaccines contain ?

They contain dead or inactive pathogens

What do vaccines encourage your white blood cells to do ?

They encourage WBC to produce antibodies that destroy the harmless pathogen

What do vaccinations protect individuals and society from ?

The effects of the disease

If antibiotics are overused, what can happen to the bacteria?

Develop new strands meaning existing antibiotics become useless against them

What does a healthy diet contain ?

A balance of all the food types

What kind of reaction happens at the synapse ?

A chemical reaction

In the reflex arc, what is the proper name for a muscle or gland where action is take to respond ?

An effector

In the reflex arc, what detects the stimulus ?

A receptor

In the reflex arc, what does the impulse travel along whilst on its way towards the synapse ?

Sensory neuron

In the reflex arc, what happens after the sensory neuron and before the motor neuron ?

The impulse is transmitted across the synapse by chemicals onto the relay neuron which then stimulates the motor neuron

What is the sequence between the receptor and effector called ?

The reflex arc

What is made by the puituitary gland?

FSH and LH

Where is oestrogen produced ?

In the ovaries

What does oestrogen do ?

-It inhibits the further production of FSH


-Stimulates production of LH


-Stimulates the womb lining to develop in order to receive the egg

What is biomass?

It is the mass of living/dry material in plants and

animals


What does a pyramid of biomass represent ?

The mass of organisms at each stage in a food chain

What kind of energy do green plants and algae capture during photosynthesis ?

Light energy

True or false, there is energy wastage at each stage of a food chain

True

When food that has been eaten cannot be fully digested, what happens to it ?

Its energy is stored in faeces or as urea in urine

What are detritus feeders ?

They start to process of decay by eating dead


animals or plants and produce waste materials

What are decay organisms and what are they commonly known as ?

They are microorganisms and are called


decomposers

True or false, decay will happen faster in cold and dry conditions

False, decay will happen faster in warm and wet conditions

Where do humans recycle waste ? Name 2 ways

In sewage treatment plants and compost heaps

Name the 3 conditions that help decay to occur quicker

-Warmth


-Moist


-Aerobic

By being cold blooded, where is energy least lost?

Little energy is lost to the environment as little energy is used to heat the animal

By being a carnivore, where is energy least lost ?

Little energy is lost through undigested food in faeces

Give an example of a detritus feeder

Worm

What is the constant cycling of carbon in nature more commonly known as ?

The carbon cycle

What does the recycling of carbon involve most ?


There are two ways

Photosynthesis and respiration

Plants do this in order to produce energy and human do it so they live

What two processes return carbon to the atmosphere ?

Respiration and combustion

Why is recycling organic kitchen and garden waste necessary ?

-Reduce landfill


-Reduce methane production


-Recycle minerals and nutrients in the waste

By adding worms and layers of garden soil to composers, what will happen to the process ?

It will be quicker (speed up)

What does the nucleus of a cell contain ?


(They are thread-like structures)

Chromosomes

What do chromosomes carry ?

They carry genes

What is another name for a sex cell ?

Gametes

How many sets of genes are found in a skin cell and in a sex cell ?

Skin - 2 sets


Sex - 1 set

What do genes control ?

They control the development of different characterises in an offspring

True or false, asexual reproduction involves 2 parents

False, only one parent is involved

Define sexual reproduction

Fusion of sex cells (gametes) in order to produce an offspring

Asexual or sexual reproduction, which produces a clone of itself in an offspring

Asexual

Asexual or sexual reproduction, which has a mixture of genetic data, meaning the offspring shows variation

Sexual

Name 2 factors which mean differences in characteristics occur individuals of the same species

-DIfference in the genes they have inherited


-The conditions in which they have developed

What are individuals that are genetically identical to their parents known as ?

Clones

True or false, it is much more difficult to clone plants than it is to clone animals ?

False, it is easier to clone plants than animals

How can we clone plants in a cheap, and quick way ?

By taking cutting from the end of plants and growing them

What is it called when we take a small group of cells from a part of a plant and grow them under special conditions ?

Tissue culture

When is tissue culture more common used ?

In order to produce large number of a rare or a top quality plant

What are embryo transplants used for ?

To clone animals

Describe the process of embryo transplant

An embryo with unspecialised cells is split into a smaller group of cells


Each group of genetically identical cels is transplanted and allowed to be developed in a host animal.

True or false, we can genetically modify animals in order to change certain characteristics before they are cloned ?

True, we can do this

What is a placebo?

Given to people who are trialling a new drug, but doesn't contain any of the drug so is harmless.

Why are placebos used ?

In order to check that the being tested really has an effect on people.

What is a double-blind trial ?

A trial where neither the doctor nor the patient knows if they are receiving the real drug or the placebo.

What was thalidomide originally developed as ?

A sleeping pill. Was later found out that it could control morning sickness in pregnant women

What happened to babies whose mother had taken thalidomide during the pregnancy ?

Born with limb abnormalities

What happened as a result of thalidomide effects on drug testing ?

They were improved so that the drugs are tested on all types on people. This didn't happen with thalidomide as it wasn't tested on pregnant women, which lead to babies being born with abnormaltites

What is a statin ?

Drugs which lower the amount of 'bad' cholesterol carried in the blood

What should we do to figure out if either or both prescribed and non-prescribed drugs work on patients ?

Conduct a double-blind trial

Use of statins has lowered what by over 40% in the population ?

Cardiovascular disease

Name 3 recreational drugs

-Cocaine


-Heroin


-Cannabis

What can you suffer from if you stop taking drugs that you are addicted to ?

Withdrawal symptoms

Chemicals in cannabis smoke can cause what ?

Mental health problems, especially in teenagers

What are steroids ?

Drugs that are used in order to build up muscle mass

Why do athletes use drugs ?

In order to make them perform better

True or false, using performance-enhancing drugs can damage the body permanently and even lead to death

True

Why is it very easy to become addicted to recreational drugs ?

They affect the nervous system by changing chemical processes

What are 2 legal drugs but are used recreationally ?

-Caffeine


-Nicotine

Why do some people think that it is unethical to take drugs in sport ?

Some of the athletes have to work really hard in order to build muscle and be fit, so if some people used drugs in order to help them, it would be really unfair

What are the 4 internal conditions that are controlled by the body ?

-Water content


-Ion content


-Temperature


-Blood sugar level

What does auxin control ?

Phototropism and geotropism

Describe a phototropism effect

Plant shoots growing towards light

Descibe a geotropismeffect

Roots growing down towards the centre of gravity

If auxin is distribution unequally, what will happen ?

The plant will grow unevenly, so a shoot or a root will start to bend

What is the hormone auxin found in ?

Plants

How can we use plant growth hormones?

Used as weed killers or to stimulate root growth

What are special features of organisms called ?

Adaptations

What are extremophiles?

They are microorganisms which are adapted to live in conditions where enzymes don't usually work, as they would normally denature

Name 3 things that plants need in order to survive

-Light

-Carbon Dioxide


-Water


-Oxygen


-Nutrients (Mineral ions from the soil)


What do adaptations allow organisms to do ?

Survive in a particular habitat, even when conditions are extreme