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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happens to your body if you take in too much energy or too few vitamins? |
You become malnourished. Too much energy – gain weight; too few vitamins – develop deficiency disease. |
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Why do people become obese? |
They have taken in more energy than they have used. |
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Why do you starving people find it difficult to walk about? |
They have two little energy/may have a disease. |
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How can people change their lifestyle to help lower the blood cholesterol levels? |
They can increase exercise/reduced saturated fat intake. |
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How do pathogens make you feel ill? |
They produce toxins/damage cells. |
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Why did it take a long time for others to accept the ideas of Semmelweiss? |
No one knew about bacteria and viruses. |
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How are many pathogens prevented from entering the body? |
The skin stops them (also mucus and stomach acid). |
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How do white blood cells defend the body? |
They ingest pathogens/produce antibodies/produce antitoxins. |
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How do you impulses pass from the receptors to the central nervous system? |
And electrical impulses along a sensory neuron. |
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What is the function of a relay neuron? |
It links the sensory and motor neurons. |
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Which hormones are made in the pituitary gland? |
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone. |
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Why is it important to control a body temperature |
So that the enzymes work properly. |
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Why do shoots bend towards light? |
On equal distribution of auxin causes unequal growth of the shoot. |
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What are the benefits to women of taking hormones? |
Contraceptives prevent unwonted pregnancies. Allows couples to plan their family. Fertility drugs used in IVF – allows in fertile women to have babies. |
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What are the ethical concerns about using fertility drugs? |
Much older women have babies. Extra embryos may be produced and stored. |
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Why is it important to use plant hormones correctly in agriculture? |
The hormones might kill trees or other plants as well as weeds. |
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Why is it important to test new drugs? |
To find out if they work, if they are toxic, to find the best dose, the side-effects. |
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Why are antibiotics only able to kill bacteria? |
Viruses are inside the body cells. |
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What are statins? |
Drugs which lower the amount of bad cholesterol carried in the blood. |
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Why do doctors prescribe statins? |
To reduce cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease. |
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Why should herbal remedies be tested in a double-blind trial? |
To ensure that they work as well as a tested drug such as Prozac. |
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Why are some drugs are addictive? |
They change the body's chemistry. |
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Why is it easy to become addicted to recreational drugs? |
They affect the nervous system, particularly at the brain. |
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Why do you some cannabis users go on to use heroin? |
There are in contact with drug dealers who may push hard drugs. |
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What is meant by adaptation? |
A feature which allows the organism to live in its normal environment. |
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Why do large animals find it difficult to cool down? |
They have a small surface area: volume ratio. |
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Give three ways a plant can conserve water: |
Curled leaves, stomata situated away from heat and wind, waxy leaves, small leaves and water storage in stems. |
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Why do animals need a territory? |
So that they can find enough food and water. They also need space to protect and rear their young. |
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Why do you industrial laboratories use 35°C instead of 25°C as in schools? |
The bacteria will grow at a faster rate. |
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Why do plants try to spread the seeds as far as possible? |
To avoid competition for water, light and mineral ions. |
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What is the advantage of the fig tree of attracting the right kind of fig wasp? |
The wasps pollinate the figtree with the right sort of pollen. |
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Name three nonliving environmental factors. |
Temperature, rainfall, light, oxygen levels, carbon dioxide levels, pH, pollution levels (E.G. Sulphur dioxide) |
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How are the star nosed mole and Venus flytrap adapted for survival? |
The mole is sensitive to touch and smell so detects food under underground. The Venus fly trap is brightly coloured and produces sticky nectar to detect and trap flies. |
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Why do you some birds fly further north to find nesting sites? |
Climate change has caused it to become warm enough further north for the birds to nest and possibly too warm further south. |
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Why are plants always at the base of the pyramid of biomass? |
Plants capture light energy and transfer it to chemical energy. They make food which is then eaten by animals. Plants start the process of energy transfer in living organisms. |
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Give an example of the detritus feeder |
Worms |
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What is meant by a decomposer? |
Microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) which breakdown/digest waste materials from animals and plants or dead organisms. |
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Which process takes carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? |
Photosynthesis |
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How do you make sure that unwanted microorganisms do not contaminate a pure culture of bacteria? |
Heat all equipment, Boil solutions and cover petri dishes or flasks. |
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Why do you gardeners add worms to compost? |
Worms are detritus feeders and start the breakdown of the compost. |
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Suggest why councils shred Garden waste before putting it into big bins. |
Smaller pieces have a larger surface area for the microorganisms to attack. This will increase the rate of decomposition. |
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Where are genes found? |
In the chromosomes. |
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What do genes control? |
Genes control the development of characteristics. |
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Explain which type of reproduction produces genetically identical offspring? |
Asexual reproduction, because there's only one parent therefore only one set of DNA. |
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Explain which type of reproduction leads to variation in offspring? |
Sexual reproduction, because the offspring has genes from both the mother and the father. |
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What are the two factors which controls some of our characteristics? |
The genes we inherit and environmental causes (such as diet). |
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Name a quick, cheap way of cloning plants. |
Taking cuttings from mature plants is a quick and cheap way of cloning. |
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Why is it more difficult to successfully clone animals than plants? |
Animal embryos must be split into groups of cells and then each group is transplanted into host mother. There have to be enough hosts and some embryos my die during development. It also takes longer for the animals to develop. |
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Name the two cells needed in adult cell cloning? |
An adult cell, such as the skin cell, and an egg cell. |
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Why do some pathogens spread rapidly? |
Very few people are immune to the new pathogen. |
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What is used to cut genes out of chromosomes? |
Enzymes |
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Why do farmers grow genetically modified crops? |
They will get a higher yield and therefore more money for their harvest: |
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How long ago did life begin on Earth? |
An estimated 3 billion years ago. |
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What name is given to Darwin's theory of evolution? |
Evolution by natural selection |
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Which birds did Darwin observe to find evidence for evolution? |
Finches on Galapagos islands |
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Why do organisms show a wide range of variation? |
Variation is due to differences in their genes. |
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Why are mutated genes sometimes an advantage? |
If the environment changes the gene may control a characteristic which makes the organism better adapted to the conditions |
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Why is it useful to draw evolutionary trees? |
They show the relationships between organisms |
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What are the main kingdoms of living organisms? |
Animals, plants, mmicroorganisms. |
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How does natural selection cause resistant populations of bacteria to develop? |
The antibiotics kill the non-resistant strains which allows the resistant ones to survive and multiply (no competition). |
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What is meant by vaccination? |
Injection (or oral drops) of a dead or in active pathogen to stimulate the white blood cells to produce antibodies. |
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination? |
Advantages – protect the individual and society from serious diseases which may cause death. Disadvantages – may cause side-effects in a few people. |
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Why is it necessary to develop new medicines? |
Some pathogens are resistant to drugs. New pathogens arise by mutation.
As arise by mutation |
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What stimuli are detected by sense organs? |
Light, sound, chemicals, touch, pain and temperature changes. |
