Biology Test #4 Chapter 17

Front 1

What are some of the differences between living in the water and living on land?

Back 1

Gas exchange, temperature, food sources, pressure, buoyancy

Front 2

Early plant ancestors would have covered what type of environments?

Back 2

moist oceanside

Front 3

The earliest organisms to try land life lived where?

Back 3

at the edge of the water

Front 4

_____ in oceans were advantageous for early plant ancestors because they wet the organisms part of the time.

Back 4

Tides

Front 5

What five things does it take to live on land?

Back 5

1. Maintain moisture
2. Obtain resources from air
3. Obtain resources from the soil.
4. Support
5. Reproduction and dispersal

Front 6

some of the earliest organisms

Back 6

mosses, liverworts, bryophytes

Front 7

Mosses, liverworts, and bryophytes grow _______ to maintain moisture

Back 7

close to the ground

Front 8

Plants obtain resources from the air via what?

Back 8

photosynthesis and stomates

Front 9

What is the main resource plants get from the air?

Back 9

Carbon dioxide to complete photosynthese

Front 10

How do plants obtain resources from the soil?

Back 10

Root systems - Mychorizal fungi helps root systems, organisms in water have roots

Front 11

Plants have ______ to obtain nitrogen from the soil. The two types are ______ and ______.

Back 11

vascular tissue, xylem, phloem

Front 12

How are plants supported on land?

Back 12

There are lignified cells with complex carbohydrates that form wood and lignon complex carbohydrates that help provide the support they need above water

Front 13

What are plants methods of reproduction and dispersal?

Back 13

Seed production and fruit production

Front 14

What are the three primary leaps forward in plant diversity?

Back 14

1. nonvascular plants
2. seedless vascular plants
3. seed plants (vascular)

Front 15

The novascular plants, also known as _______, are ______, ________, and ________.

Back 15

bryophytes, liverworts, hornworts, mosses

Front 16

What are the two categories of seedless vascular plants and what are some examples of each?

Back 16

Lycophytes - club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts
Ptertypes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

Front 17

What are the two types of seed plants?

Back 17

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

Front 18

first land plants

Back 18

bryophytes

Front 19

Characteristics of Bryophytes: No true _____ or ______. ________ cell walls (therefore they won't grow very tall). ____ is required for fertilization.

Back 19

roots, leaves, no lignified, water

Front 20

Bryphytes only reproduce if it's ____ and there's a film of _____ over the plant. They produce _____ and ______ cells that swim in a film of water on the plant for fertilization

Back 20

wet, water, eggs, flagellated sperm

Front 21

Vascular plants have cells to transport nutrients, known as ____ and ______.

Back 21

xylem, phloem

Front 22

Ferns are a _____ plant that has ____ that will carry water and nutrient throughout the plant.

Back 22

vascular, tissue

Front 23

at one point these types of plants were the dominant forms of plant life on earth

Back 23

fern allies

Front 24

Early vascular marine types of organisms, examples

Back 24

algae, mosses, ferns, trees

Front 25

The first marine types of organisms were ______, still need water for ______. The reason that they grow so tall is that they have _____ and _____.

Back 25

seedless, fertilization, roots, stems

Front 26

Early marine organisms have _____ and ______ (reproduction)

Back 26

flagellated sperm, spores

Front 27

Gymnosperms are _____ plants, and have naked _____. Examples?

Back 27

seed, seed, pinecones, conifers, cycads

Front 28

Most of the plants living today are ______, which means their seeds develop in a ______ (angion), inside a fruit, pod, or shell.

Back 28

angiosperms, chamber

Front 29

It take ____ (number of trees) to produce your oxygen everyday.

Back 29

1 adult tree

Front 30

There is a limit to the amount of trees we can get rid of and still have a ________.

Back 30

breathable atmosphere

Front 31

_____ of tropical forests were lost between 1970-2000, many animals were also lost.

Back 31

20%

Front 32

Fungi ____ food after digesting it _________.

Back 32

absorb, outside their bodies

Front 33

Fungi are absorptive ________ eukaryotes that digest their food externally and absorb the nutrients.

Back 33

hetertorophic

Front 34

Fungi have ____ that break down organic matter into component parts.

Back 34

enzymes

Front 35

Most fungi consist of a mass of threadlike _____ making up a ______.

Back 35

hyphae, mucelium

Front 36

Fungal hyphae are surrounded by a cell wall with ______.

Back 36

chitin

Front 37

Fungi produce spores in both ______ and _______ life cycles.

Back 37

asexual, sexual

Front 38

Many fungal specie can reproduce both ______ and ______.

Back 38

sexually, asexually

Front 39

Fungi produce huge numbers of asexual ____, each of which can germinate to form a new fungi

Back 39

spores

Front 40

In many fungi, sexual fusion of haploid hyphae leads to a _______ stage, in which cells contain two genetically distinct haploid nuclei.

Back 40

heterokaryotic

Front 41

Hours or centuries may pass before parental nuclei fuse to form a short-lived ____ phase.

Back 41

diploid

Front 42

Zygotes undergo meiosis inside specialized reproductive structures and disperse ______.

Back 42

haploid spores

Front 43

Fungi with no sexual stage

Back 43

imperfect fungi

Front 44

What did fungi likely evolve from?

Back 44

an aquatic, flagellated ancestor shared with animals

Front 45

the earliest lineage of fungi

Back 45

chytrids

Front 46

In ________, zygote fungi form resistant zygosporangia in which haploid spores form by meiosis.

Back 46

zygomycetes

Front 47

_______ includes black bread mold.

Back 47

Zygomycetes

Front 48

Fungi that form mycorrhizae in which invasive hyphae branch into treelike arbuscules within plant roots

Back 48

glomeromycetes

Front 49

Many plants have symbiotic partnerships with ______.

Back 49

glomerocytes

Front 50

the type of fungi whee sac fungi form saclike asci, which produce sexual spores

Back 50

ascomycetes

Front 51

yeasts, morels, cup fungi

Back 51

ascomycetes

Front 52

mushrooms, puffballs, and shelf fungi

Back 52

club fungi

Front 53

club-shaped spore producing structures

Back 53

basidia

Front 54

fungi that are important forest decomposers

Back 54

basidiomycetes

Front 55

club fungi makes up the which fungal group?

Back 55

basidiomycetes

Front 56

Hyphae reproduce ______ by producing ______ in sporangia at the tips of the upright hyphae.

Back 56

asexually, spores

Front 57

When food is depleted, the fungus reproduces ______.

Back 57

sexually

Front 58

When fungi reproduces sexually, mycelia of different mating types join and produce a ______, which develops into a thick-walled structure that can tolerate dry, harsh conditions.

Back 58

zygosporangium

Front 59

Under favorable conditions, fungi reproduce by the diploid nucleus undergoing meiosis to form ______.

Back 59

haploid spores

Front 60

____% of plant diseases are caused by fungi

Back 60

80%

Front 61

A variety of fungi infect grain crops.. examples:

Back 61

smuts, rusts

Front 62

Fungi that are parasitic on animals cause ______. Human infections include ______, which is caused by ringworm. Systemic mycoses are rare but serious fungal infections that spread through the body from ________.

Back 62

mycoses, athlete's foot, inhaled spores

Front 63

Lichens consist of _____ or _____ within a fungal network

Back 63

algae, cyanobacteria

Front 64

Many lichen associations are _______.

Back 64

mutualistic

Front 65

In lichens, the fungus receives food from its _________.

Back 65

photosynthetic partner

Front 66

Lichens consist of fungi living in close association with _______ organisms.

Back 66

photosynthetic

Front 67

Lichens are important pioneers on new land, where they help to form ______.

Back 67

soil

Front 68

Lichens obtain minerals from the ____.

Back 68

air

Front 69

Some fungi have mutually beneficial relationships with _____.

Back 69

ants

Front 70

Some fungi can break down _______, including ______ like DDT and cancer-causing chemicals.

Back 70

toxic pollutants, pesticides

Front 71

We eat many fungi, such as _____ to cheeses modified by fungi.

Back 71

mushrooms

Front 72

Fungi provide _____ that are used to treat bacterial disease.

Back 72

antibiotics