Biology Test #4 Chapter 22

Front 1

3 phases of gas exchange

Back 1

1. breathing
2. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood
3. body tissues take up oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Front 2

cellular respiration (the breakdown of glucose) requires what two things?

Back 2

a supply of oxygen and a disposal of carbon dioxide

Front 3

______ and _____ help animals get oxygen in and carbon dioxide out IF they have a greater number of surface areas on their body (usually one celled or small multicellular)

Back 3

diffusion, osmosis

Front 4

worms respiratory surface

Back 4

outer skin

Front 5

the most common way for organisms to achieve gas exchange

Back 5

through the skin, external membrane

Front 6

tiniest blood vessels

Back 6

capillaries

Front 7

External membranes have to be ______.

Back 7

Moist. If they dry out, they get hard and impervious tog as exchange

Front 8

first and most common respiratory organ in many animals

Back 8

skin

Front 9

gas exchange in the water uses what?

Back 9

gills

Front 10

gills are formed by the _____ being pressed out into folded membranes

Back 10

capillaries

Front 11

the first time that we really see extra surface area provided for gas exchange, because ______ is no longer sufficient, so there is a system of moving fluids through it and the capillaries that carry the fluid are wrapped around the surface area that's been provided

Back 11

gills, diffusion

Front 12

In a fishes gills blood flows from the ______ direction as water.

Back 12

opposite

Front 13

ways that gas exchange is enhanced in a fish

Back 13

1. ventilation of the gills (moving water past the gills)
2. countercurrent flow of water and blood

Front 14

The watery medium is ______ to obtain oxygen from because temperature changes the gradient of gases aailable frequently.

Back 14

more difficult

Front 15

systems that are usually small, somewhat simpler than gill systems.

Back 15

tracheal systems

Front 16

primary examples of animals that use tracheal systems

Back 16

insects

Front 17

Compared to water, air contains _____ concentrations of oxygen. It is also lighter and easier to move.

Back 17

higher

Front 18

In lungs there are capillaries that are clustering and moving in close proximities to the air spaces inside of the lungs.

Back 18

note

Front 19

Tetrapods, 4 legged animals, evolved in what?

Back 19

shallow water

Front 20

Fossil fish had ____ and ____ and ____.

Back 20

legs, lungs, gills

Front 21

In fossil fish, with legs they could have reached up to gulp _____.

Back 21

air

Front 22

tree major lineages of tetrapods

Back 22

amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Front 23

amphibians have _____ lungs and body surfaces

Back 23

small

Front 24

reptiles have _____ metabolic rates, and _____ lungs

Back 24

low, simple

Front 25

birds and mammals have _____ metabolic rates and _____ lungs

Back 25

higher, complex

Front 26

Complex lungs have _____ and _____ and the entire lung is filled with surface area for gas exchange.

Back 26

aleoli, bronchioles

Front 27

bronchioles dead-end in grapelike clusters of air savs called _____

Back 27

alveoli

Front 28

bronchus branches into finer and finer tubes called _____

Back 28

bronchioles

Front 29

When blood moves from heart it makes a detour to _____

Back 29

alveoli

Front 30

oxygen bound proteins that most animals transport

Back 30

respiratory pigments

Front 31

copper containing respiratory pigment is used by

Back 31

molluscs and arthropods

Front 32

iron containing respiratory pigment

Back 32

hemoglobin (red respiratory pigment)

Front 33

iron containing hemoglobin is used by almost all _____ and many _____. It transports _____, buffers _____, and transports _____.

Back 33

vertebrates, invertebrates, oxygen, blood, carbon dioxide