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48 Cards in this Set
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- 3rd side (hint)
What were Aristotle's Views about evolution?
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Species are fixed and do not evolve
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What were Lamarck's views on evolution?
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He believed in the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
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inheritance
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What did Lyell say in his book Principles of Geology that affected Darwins thinking about evolution?
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That natural forces gradually change Earths surface and these forces are still operating in modern times.
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floods, earthquakes
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4. Who developed a theory of evolution identical to Darwins?
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Alfred Wallace
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Is evolution a unifying theme of biology?
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Yes
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What did Darwin notice about South American fossils he collected?
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They were more similar to modern South American species than to other species.
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What was Anaximanders view about evolution?
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Life arose in water and that simpler forms of life preceded more complex ones.
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water
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What did Buffon say about fossils in the 1700s?
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He suggested Earth might be much older than 6,000 years old and proposed the possibility that certain fossil forms might be ancient versions of similar living species.
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older
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How may fossils be formed?
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· When dead organisms captured in sediment decays and leaves an empty mold that may be filled by minerals dissolved in water
· If something is buried in a medium that prevents bacteria and fungi from decomposing it. · If its frozen |
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Darwin found that Galapagos animals resembled animals from where?
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The resembled species of the mainland more so than animals on similar but distant islands.
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What are the different types of evidence that modern species have evolved from prior species?
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· Biogeography
· Comparative Anatomy · Comparative Embryology · Molecular Biology |
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What are homologous structures?
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Features that often have different functions but are structurally similar because of common ancestry.
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wings and arms
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How did Malthuss essay affect Darwins thinking about the evolutionary process?
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Because natural resources are limited, the production of more individuals that the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence among the individuals of a population with only a percentage of offspring surviving in each generation.
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only the strong survive
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By what process did Broccoli and cabbage come about?
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Artificial Selection Selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable inherited traits in offspring.
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What is a population?
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A population is a group of individuals of the same species living in the same place at the same time.
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What is a bottleneck effect? Examples?
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The bottleneck effect is a genetic drift resulting from an event that drastically reduces population size. Events such as earthquakes, fires and floods may kill a numerous amount of a population leaving a much smaller gene pool.
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What is a founder effect? Examples?
This effect is where a small number of individuals colonize to a new location. Residents on some islands that colonize from a civilization and move onto a much smaller gene pool. |
This effect is where a small number of individuals colonize to a new location. Residents on some islands that colonize from a civilization and move onto a much smaller gene pool.
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How is a biological species defined?
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As a population or group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
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What the types of reproductive barriers?
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Prezygotic Barriers
· Temporal isolation mating or flowering occur at different seasons or times of the day. · Habitat isolation Populations live in different habitats and dont meet. · Behavioral isolation There is little or no sexual attraction between males and females. · Mechanical isolation structural differences in genitalia or flowers prevent copulation or pollen transfer. · Gametic isolation Male and/or female gametes die before uniting or fail to unite. Postzygotic Barriers · Hybrid inviability Hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach sexual maturity. · Hybrid sterility Hybrids fail to produce functional gamets · Hybrid breakdown Offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile. |
thbmg hhh
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What is mechanical isolation?
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Occurs when female and male sex organs are not compatible.
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What are pheromones?
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A chemical used by an organism to attract mates.
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What prevents closely related species from interbreeding even when their ranges overlap?
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Temporal isolation breeding at different times of the day or year.
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It is a type of isolation
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What is a mule?
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A hybrid animal a cross between a horse and a donkey it is infertile.
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List the taxonomic categories in order from least inclusive to most inclusive?
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· Specific name
· Genus · Family · Order · Class · Subphylum · Phylum · Kingdom · Domain |
some boys go off course some play king domain
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Describe Millers experiment.
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He showed that amino acids and other organic molecules could have been generated on a lifeless earth. Chart on page 321.
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What are pairs of rod-shaped bacteria called? Clusters?
Rod shaped Diplobacilli Clusters Cocci |
Rod shaped Diplobacilli
Clusters Cocci |
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What are curved or comma shaped bacteria cells called?
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Vibrios
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What are the pili?
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Short projections on the surface of prokaryotic cells that help prokaryotes attach to other surfaces: specialized sex pili are used in conjunction to hold the mating cells together.
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What is an endospore and how does it help the survival of bacteria.
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A thick coated, protective cell produced within a bacteria cell exposed to harsh conditions. Under harsh conditions the outer cell may disintegrate but the endospore survives all sorts of trauma.
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What group of organisms has produced a number of antibiotics?
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Fungi
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33. What bacteria species causes food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome?
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Staphylococcus Bacteria
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What disease produces symptoms with a large bulls eye rash?
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Lyme disease which is carried by the deer tick.
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What Kochs postulates and how might they be used?
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Kochs postulates are a set of diagnostic criteria that were to prove that the bacteria was the cause of the disease.
· The same, specific pathogen must be identified in each animal (host) that has the disease. · The pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in a pure culture, one in which no other kinds of cells are present. · The original disease must be produced in experimental hosts that are inoculated with the pathogen from the pure culture. · The same pathogen must be isolated from the experimental hosts after the disease develops in them. This would be used to identify an organism that is causing a disease. |
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What organism causes African sleeping sickness?
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Trypanosoma
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What structure regulates gas exchange in plants?
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Stomata Page 346
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What is xylem tissue?
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Made of dead cells forming microscopic piopes that convey water and minerals up from the roots.
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What is phloem tissue?
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Consists of living cells and distributes sugars throughout the plant.
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What organisms are bryophytes?
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They are the mosses they dont have any vascular tissue or roots, they take in water cell by cell.
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What are the dominant types of seed plants today?
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Angiosperms A flowering plant, which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.
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What is meant by alternation of generations?
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A life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporphyte and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte is a characteristic of plants and multicellular green algae.
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What is the dominant stage of mosses?
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Gametophytes page 351
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What structure was a key stop in the adaptation of seed plants to dry land?
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The evolution of pollen produced by the dominant sporophyte.
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What plants have a dominant sporophyte generation and a seed but no fruit?
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Conifers
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What is the male gametophyte of a confer represented by?
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Pollen
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What is a fruit?
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A ripened, thickened ovary of a flower, which protect dormant seeds and aids in their dispersal.
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What are examples of angiosperms?
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Dandelion, cockleburs, apples, cherries.
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What characteristics might a nocturnal pollinated plant have?
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Large light colored, heavily scented flowers.
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What are hyphae?
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Thin filaments of fungi.
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