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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What substance makes up matter?
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ELEMENTS
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How many naturally occurring elements are there?
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92
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how many elements in living organisms?
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26
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What chart is used by chemists to organize and describe the elements?
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Periodic Table
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What are subunits of elements?
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Atoms
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The center of the atom is called?
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Nucleus
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Nucleus of an atom contains what two things?
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Protons and Neutrons
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Proton has was type of charge?
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positive
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Neutron has what type of charge?
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neutral
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What orbits the outside of the nucleus?
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electrons
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What two things must "equal", in regards to atoms?
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protons and electrons
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The atomic number refers to the number of ?
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protons
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Electrons orbit at specific distances from the nucleus in regions, known as ?
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Energy levels
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The first energy level, orbiting the nucleus can only hold ? # of electrons?
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two (2)
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The second energy level of an atom can hold ? # of electrons?
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eight (8)
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two or more atoms are known as?
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molecules
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two or more elements is known as?
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a compound
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What is the most abundant compound in the body?
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water
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deficiency of water is?
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dehydration
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water transports _______________ to and from cells?
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substances
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blend of two or more substances are known as?
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mixture
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water can dissolve many different substances, which makes it known as ?
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universal solvent
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What is a mixture in which the molecules do not dissolve but remain evenly distributed?
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colloids
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chemical bond formed by the exchange of electrons between atoms?
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Ionic Bond
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A bond when electrons are transferred from one atom to another?
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Ionic Bond
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an atom or group of atoms with a positive or negative charge?
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Ion
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A positively charge ion
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Cation
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A negatively charged ion
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Anion
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Na+
is what type of Ion? |
Cation
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Cl-
is what type of Ion |
Anion
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True or False
when ionically bonded substances go into solution, they separate into charged particles? |
TRUE
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Compounds formed by ionic bonds that release ions when they are in solutions
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Electrolytes
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name two ions found in body fluids, what is one function of each?
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Ca2+ (calcium ions): necessary for clotting of blood
HCO3- (Bicarbonate ions): required for regulation of acidity alkalinity of body fluids |
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The sharing of electrons between the atoms in the molecule
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Covalent Bond
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Are covalent bonds stable?
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YES, valence electrons orbit around both of the atoms, making both of them stable
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When electrons are equally shared in forming a molecule, the electrical charges are evenly distributed around the atom - forming what type of bond?
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nonpolar covalent bond
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if one part of the molecule is more negative or more positive than the other part of the bond, this is called what type of bond?
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polar covalent bond
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chemical substance capable of donating a hydrogen ion to another substance
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Acid
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chemical substance, usually containing a hydroxide ion, that can accept a hydrogen ion
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Base
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reaction between an acid and a base
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Salt
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Greater the concentration of hydrogen ions - the greater the ? in the solution
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acidity
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greater the concentration of hydroxide ions in a solution, the greater the ? in the solution
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alkalinity or basicity
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indication of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
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pH
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blood pH
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7.35 - 7.45
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average pH of urine
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6.
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if blood pH falls below 7.35
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Acidosis
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if blood pH increases above 7.45
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alkalosis
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chemical that prevents extreme changes in the pH scale
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Buffer
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a form of an element that has the same atomic number as another form of the same element, but a different atomic weight
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Isotope
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Isotopes that are unstable and give off rays of atomic particles
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Radioactive
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96% of the human body is made up of four elements
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H, O, C, N
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organic compounds contain what element
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Carbon
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three main types of organic compounds?
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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
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simple sugar - the basic units of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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two simple sugars linked together
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disaccharides
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many simple sugars
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polysaccharides
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example of polysaccharides
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fiber, starch
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storage form of glucose
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glycogen
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stored glycogen can be located where in the body
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liver,and skeletal muscle cells
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aka Lipids
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Fats
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three functions of fat
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insulates the body
protects internal organs main form which energy is stored |
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simple fat is what substance
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glycerol
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three fatty acid molecules attached to each of the carbon in glycerol
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triglyceride
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phospholipids contain what element
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phosphorus
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cell membranes are made of of?
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phospholipids
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True of False:
Cholesterol is a steroid |
true
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four other steroids
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cortisol, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone
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proteins contain what four elements?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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proteins are composed of building blocks known as
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amino acids
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enzymes are essential for ?
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metabolism
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enzyme are ?
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catalysts
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extreme changes in temperature or pH can change the shape of an enzyme, and stop its actions - this is known as?
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denaturation
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study of body structure
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anatomy
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study of how the body functions
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physiology
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study of disease
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pathology
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6 levels of organization seen in the body
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chemical, cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
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9 general functions of the body systems?
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protection, support, movement, coordination, circulation,control, nutrition, fluid balance, reproduction
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4 structures associated with skin
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hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
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system that provides frame work of the body
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skeletal
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muscle that is found in the walls of hollow organs
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smooth muscle
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muscle that make up the heart wall
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cardiac
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nervous system is composed of what 3 major items
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brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord
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four sensory organs
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eyes, ears, taste buds, smell receptors
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skin contains receptors for?
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temp and pain
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endocrine glands produce
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hormones
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hormones regulate
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growth, fluid utlization in cells, and reproduction
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name three endocrine glands
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thyroid, pituitary adrenal glands
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heart, blood, blood vessels make up what system?
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cardiovascular system
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cardiovascular system function is ?
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transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissue and carry away products for elimination
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system used to transport oxygen and nutrients to body tissue and carry away products for elimination?
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cardiovascular system
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system brings fluid from the tissues back to the blood
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lymphatic system
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lymphatic system function
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brings fluid from the tissues back to the blood
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fluid that circulates in the lymphatic system
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lymph
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respiratory system function
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gas exchange
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gas exchange occurs in what system?
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respiratory system
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system involved with the taking in, metabolism and absorption of nutrients
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digestive
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digestive system function
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involved with the taking in, metabolism and absorption of nutrients
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6 organs in digestive system
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mouth, stomach, lrg, intestine, pancrease, esophagus, sm intestine, liver, gall bladder
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purpose of urinary system
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eliminates waste products and provides a mechanism for fluid balance
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system for eliminating waste products and provide a mechanism for fluid balance
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urinary system
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system involved in the production of offspring
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reproductive system
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reproductive system function
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involved in the production of offspring
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defined as all the physical and chemical processes by which an organism is maintained
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metabolism
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what is metabolism defined as?
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all the physical and chemical processes by which an organism is maintained
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complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds
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catabolism
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catabolism is known as
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complex substances are broken down into simpler compounds
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catabolism releases energy in the form of
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ATP
adenosine triphosphate |
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the building phase of metabolism
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anabolism
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anabolism is known as
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the building phase of metabolism
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three results of anabolism
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growth, function, and repair of tissue
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state of internal balance
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homeostasis
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homeostasis is
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state of internal balance
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main method of maintaining homeostasis
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feedback
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conditions within a set normal range by reversing an upward or downward shift
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negative feedback
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negative feedback is known
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conditions within a set normal range by reversing an upward or downward shift
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system in which a given action produces more of the same
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positive feedback
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positive feedback is known as
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system in which a given action produces more of the same
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function of extracellular fluid
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fluid that bathes the cells, carries nutrients to and from the cells and transports nutrients into and out of cells
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fluid that bathes the cells, carries nutrients to and from the cells and transports nutrients into and out of cells is?
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extracellular fluid
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three types of extracellular fluid
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blood, lymph, fluid between the cells
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fluid contained within the cells
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intracellular
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above or higher
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superior
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below or lower
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inferior
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anterior or front
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ventral
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posterior or back
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dorsal
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closer to the midline
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medial
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farther away from the midline
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lateral
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nearer the origin of a structure
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proximal
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farther away from the origin of a structure
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distal
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nearer to the head
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cranial
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nearer to the sacral region
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caudal
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plane that separates the body into right and left sections
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sagittal
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cut down the midline of the body separating into equal right and left
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midsagittal
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cut made at an angle
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oblique
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terms used for CT and MRI images
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cross section, longitudinal, and oblique
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subdivisions of the doral cavity
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cranial, and spinal cavity
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two major subdivisions of ventral cavity
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thorasic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
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organs found in thorasic cavity
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heart, lungs, major blood vessels
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space between the lungs
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mediastinum
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sac in the thoracic cavity the heart is contained
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pericardial
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lungs are contained in which cavity (sac).
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pleural
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6 organs found in the abdominal cavity
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stomach, most of the intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen
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organs found in the pelvic cavity
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bladder, rectum, internal reproductive organs
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