Biology Test 2

Front 1

How many amino acids occur in proteins of organisms?

Back 1

20

Front 2

What are glutomic acid and arginine examples of?

Back 2

hydrophobic

Front 3

What are Phonylanine and Leucine exaples of?

Back 3

Hydrophobic

Front 4

What is cytesine an example of?

Back 4

sulfur

Front 5

What forms disulfide bridges?

Back 5

sulfer

Front 6

What detremines the function of each protein?

Back 6

the sequence of the amino acids

Front 7

What are the 4 levels of protein structure?

Back 7

1 primamry
2 secondary
3 tertiary
4 Quartenary

Front 8

Which protein structure forms a straight line?

Back 8

primary

Front 9

Which protein form a zig-zag?

Back 9

secondary

Front 10

Which protein structure forms a zig-zag that turns in many directions?

Back 10

Tertiary

Front 11

Which form multiple zig-zags that turn in diffrent directions?

Back 11

Quartenary

Front 12

Which structure is a sequence of amino acids in a protein, determined by the genes, diffrenet for each diffrent protein, and determines all of the meaning of the structure?

Back 12

primary

Front 13

Which structure has a regular repeating coiling and folding of polypeptide backbone, contributes to a protein's overall conformation, is stabilized by hydrogen bonding between peptide linakages in the protein backbon, and is mainly seen in helizes and pleated sheets?

Back 13

secondary

Front 14

Which structure has an irregular contortion of a protein backbone due to the hnonding f interartions between side chains (R-groups) and the 3rd level of structure is superimposed on the 1st and 2nd structures due to the amino acid side chains?

Back 14

tertiary

Front 15

What structure has covalen bonding through disulfide bridges and weak linkages such as hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, and hydrophobic interations?

Back 15

tertiary

Front 16

Which structure results from the interation among several polypeptides (subunits in a single protein) and its protein function is dependant on the correct structure at each level?

Back 16

quartenary

Front 17

What are long chains of subunits called nucleotides?

Back 17

nucleic acids

Front 18

what consists of a 5-carbon sugar, a phospahate group, and a nitrogen containg base?

Back 18

nucleotides

Front 19

What are the two types of nucleotides?

Back 19

-ribose and doxyribose

Front 20

What is the diffrence between ribose and deoxyribose?

Back 20

deoxyribose has an H rather than an -OH

Front 21

What are the five nitrogen containing bases?

Back 21

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil

Front 22

What are deoxyribose nuclotides bonded to?

Back 22

A,G,C,T

Front 23

What are ribose nucleotides bonded to?

Back 23

A,G,C,U

Front 24

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Back 24

deoxyribonucleic acids and ribonucleic acid

Front 25

What two nuclic acids are molecules of heredity?

Back 25

DNA and RNA

Front 26

What occurs in chromosomes and dtermines the information needed to contstruct proteins?

Back 26

DNA

Front 27

The nucleotide cycklic adenosine monophosphate acts as what?

Back 27

and intracellular messenger

Front 28

the nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as what?

Back 28

energy carriers

Front 29

What nucleotides assist enzymes in promoting and guiding chemical reactions?

Back 29

coenzymes

Front 30

What is usually the ouermost barrier of the cell?

Back 30

cell membrane

Front 31

What is the only exception a cell membrane being the outermost form of protection?

Back 31

a cell wall (in plants)

Front 32

What is mainly for structural support and protection?

Back 32

cell wall

Front 33

What is the one thing that the cell wall does not act as a barrier to?

Back 33

molecules

Front 34

What contains the cell but also allows it to interact with the enviroment?

Back 34

plasma membrane

Front 35

What is the bnding site between the phosopholipid bi layer?

Back 35

receptor protein

Front 36

What functionsto isolate the cell enviroment and regulate the exchange between the incside and outside?

Back 36

plasma membrance

Front 37

What communicates with the other cells and is used t identify the cell type?

Back 37

plasma membrane

Front 38

What is at the boundary of every dll that acts as a selective barrier, therby regulating the cells chemical enviroment?

Back 38

plasma membrane

Front 39

What is the plasma membrance mad eof?

Back 39

lipids

Front 40

What are molecules that can from membrances naturally?

Back 40

phospholipids

Front 41

What are cell membranes such as that of red blood cells made of?

Back 41

phosopholipid bilayers

Front 42

What are biological membranes such as that of red blood cells made of?

Back 42

proteins

Front 43

What did singer and nicholson invent?

Back 43

the fluid mosiac model

Front 44

There is lateral 2-D movement of the lipids and some proteins in the plane of the membrane is what model?

Back 44

the fluid mosiac model

Front 45

What flip-flopping phenomenon is rare in cells?

Back 45

transverse

Front 46

In the mosiac aspect of membrances, what are interspersed whitihin the lipid bilayer?

Back 46

proteins

Front 47

What transports proteins, channels proteins (pores), and carrier porteins (selective revolvong protein)?

Back 47

membrane proteins

Front 48

What has recptors and cell to cell recognition, transport and receptor proteins?

Back 48

membrance proteins

Front 49

What type of protein allows ions t pass in and out?

Back 49

channel

Front 50

what protein allows amino acids, sugars, and small proteins to come in to the cell by connecting to the binding site?

Back 50

channel proteins

Front 51

Some recognitions keys on the surface cells are known as?

Back 51

gycloproteins

Front 52

Which proteins have a carbohydrate attached to them and are found outside the cell membrane?

Back 52

glycoproteins

Front 53

What are the 2 factors in movement of molecules?

Back 53

1 movement must be trhough a fluid and there must be a concentration gradient

Front 54

what is known as a liquid or a gas?

Back 54

fluid

Front 55

What is a substance that can take shape w/o breaking?

Back 55

fluid

Front 56

What is the diffrence in the amount of molecules from one place to another?

Back 56

concentration gradient

Front 57

What is the transport of water through a membrane?

Back 57

osmosis

Front 58

What is the movement of moleclues from a high concentration to a low one?

Back 58

diffusion

Front 59

When is there no movement whitin a cell?

Back 59

when equilibrium is found

Front 60

When does movemtn whithin a cell have a specific direction?

Back 60

when there is a concetration gradient

Front 61

Movement down a concentration gradient is known as?

Back 61

passive transport

Front 62

What is a concentration change over a distance in a particular direction?

Back 62

concentration gradient

Front 63

what is the net moevement of a substance down a contration gradient?

Back 63

diffusion

Front 64

Movement is normally from what concentration to what concentration?

Back 64

high to low

Front 65

Normally the grater in the diffrene between the high concentration and the low concentration in a cell results in?

Back 65

a faster diffusion

Front 66

Does the movement normally occur over long or short distances?

Back 66

short

Front 67

Most movement across membranes is what sort of diffusion?

Back 67

passive

Front 68

What is diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane?

Back 68

passive

Front 69

What type of transport require no cell energy and depends on the permeability of the cell membrane?

Back 69

passive

Front 70

What is the property of biological membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others?

Back 70

selective permeability

Front 71

Movement down a concentration gradient is known as?

Back 71

passive transport

Front 72

What is a concentration change over a distance in a particular direction?

Back 72

concentration gradient

Front 73

what is the net moevement of a substance down a contration gradient?

Back 73

diffusion

Front 74

Movement is normally from what concentration to what concentration?

Back 74

high to low

Front 75

Normally the grater in the diffrene between the high concentration and the low concentration in a cell results in?

Back 75

a faster diffusion

Front 76

Does the movement normally occur over long or short distances?

Back 76

short

Front 77

Most movement across membranes is what sort of diffusion?

Back 77

passive

Front 78

What is diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane?

Back 78

passive

Front 79

What type of transport require no cell energy and depends on the permeability of the cell membrane?

Back 79

passive

Front 80

What is the property of biological membranes which allows some substances to cross more easily than others?

Back 80

selective permeability

Front 81

What two factors influence permeability?

Back 81

-solubility chracteristics of a sbustance crossing the membrane
-facioiltated diffusion by a carrier protein or a channel protein

Front 82

Diffusion across a membrane wth the help of a protein is known as what?

Back 82

facilitated diffusion

Front 83

What are the three types of facilitated diffusion?

Back 83

-bind and release
-selective
-gated

Front 84

what is the passive transport/diffusion of water across a diferentially permeable membrane?

Back 84

osmosis

Front 85

what is influenced by factors which govern diffusion?

Back 85

osmosis

Front 86

some solute molecules reduce the number of water molecules which can diffuse by forming a?

Back 86

hydration shell of bound water

Front 87

What is the measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when seperated from pure water by a diffrentially permeable membrane?

Back 87

osmotic pressure

Front 88

What is the diffusion of water across a diffrentially permeable layer from high to low concentrations?

Back 88

osmosis

Front 89

What do dissolved substances decrease?

Back 89

the amount of free H2O molecules

Front 90

In red blood cells what is it called when the shaped remains the same?

Back 90

isotonic enviroment

Front 91

What are cell membranes such as that of red blood cells made of?

Back 91

phosopholipid bilayers

Front 92

What are biological membranes such as that of red blood cells made of?

Back 92

proteins

Front 93

What did singer and nicholson invent?

Back 93

the fluid mosiac model

Front 94

There is lateral 2-D movement of the lipids and some proteins in the plane of the membrane is what model?

Back 94

the fluid mosiac model

Front 95

What flip-flopping phenomenon is rare in cells?

Back 95

transverse

Front 96

In the mosiac aspect of membrances, what are interspersed whitihin the lipid bilayer?

Back 96

proteins

Front 97

What transports proteins, channels proteins (pores), and carrier porteins (selective revolvong protein)?

Back 97

membrane proteins

Front 98

What has recptors and cellto cell recognition through recognition, transport and receptor proteins?

Back 98

membrance proteins

Front 99

What type of protein allows ions t pass in and out?

Back 99

channel

Front 100

what protein allows amino acids, sugars, and small proteins to come in to the cell by connecting to the binding site?

Back 100

channel proteins

Front 101

What are some of the recognition keys on the surface of a cell called?

Back 101

glycoproteins

Front 102

What are proteins which have a carbohydrate attached to them and are found outside of the cell?

Back 102

glycoproteins

Front 103

What are the 2 factors of movement of molecules?

Back 103

movement must be through a fluid and there must be a concentration gradient

Front 104

What substance is a liquid or a gas and it can take any shape w/o breaking

Back 104

fluid

Front 105

concentration change over a distance in a particular direction

Back 105

concentration gradient

Front 106

net movement od a substance down a concentration gradient

Back 106

diffusion

Front 107

Movement is always from a what concentration to a what concentration?

Back 107

greater to lower

Front 108

in diffusion the greater the diffrence in concentration the _____ the diffusion?

Back 108

faster

Front 109

When does net memovment stop?

Back 109

when the system reaches equilibrium

Front 110

Does movement whithin the cell occur over long or short distances?

Back 110

short

Front 111

Most of the movement across membranes occurs by diffusion and is therfore a form of

Back 111

passive transport

Front 112

WHat type of transport does not require cell energy and is dependant on the permeability of the membrane?

Back 112

passive transport

Front 113

diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane?

Back 113

passive transport

Front 114

property of a biological membrane which allows some substances to cross more easily than others

Back 114

selectivly permeable

Front 115

What are tyhe two factors which influence permeability?

Back 115

solubility chracteristics of the substance crossing the membrane and facilitated diffusion by a carrier protein or a channel protein

Front 116

diffusion across a membrane with the help of a protein

Back 116

facilitated diffusion

Front 117

What are the three types of faciliotated diffusion?

Back 117

bind and release
selective and gated

Front 118

diffusion of water across a diffrentially pemreable membrane

Back 118

osmosis

Front 119

What is influenced by factors which govern diffusion

Back 119

osmosis

Front 120

some soluble molecules reduce the numbers ofwater molecules, which can diffuse by forming what?

Back 120

hydration shell of bound water

Front 121

measure of the tendency of a solution to take up water when seperated from pure water by a diffrentially pemeable membrane

Back 121

osmotic pressure

Front 122

Water moves from what concentration to what concentration?

Back 122

high to low

Front 123

What decreses the am,ount of free h2o molecules?

Back 123

dissolved substance

Front 124

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape remains the same?

Back 124

isotonic enviroment

Front 125

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape inflates?

Back 125

hypotonic enviroment

Front 126

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape shrink?

Back 126

hypetonic enviroment

Front 127

Theis enviroment solution has an equal concentration of solute compared to the indie of the cell

Back 127

isotonic enviroment

Front 128

this enviroment/solution has a greater concetration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 128

hypertonic

Front 129

this enviroment/soltuion has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 129

hypotonic

Front 130

cell with what are more tolerable to excessive water movements, but still exhibit cellular changes

Back 130

cell walls

Front 131

What is a hypertonic molecule referred as?

Back 131

plasmorized

Front 132

Water moves from what concentration to what concentration?

Back 132

high to low

Front 133

What decreses the amount of free h2o molecules?

Back 133

dissolved substance

Front 134

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape remains the same?

Back 134

isotonic enviroment

Front 135

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape inflates?

Back 135

hypotonic enviroment

Front 136

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape shrink?

Back 136

hypetonic enviroment

Front 137

Theis enviroment solution has an equal concentration of solute compared to the indie of the cell

Back 137

isotonic enviroment

Front 138

this enviroment/solution has a greater concetration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 138

hypertonic

Front 139

this enviroment/soltuion has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 139

hypotonic

Front 140

what within a cell is more tolerable to excessive water movements, but still exhibit cellular changes

Back 140

cell walls

Front 141

What is a hypertonic molecule referred as?

Back 141

plasmorized

Front 142

Water moves from what concentration to what concentration?

Back 142

high to low

Front 143

What decreses the am,ount of free h2o molecules?

Back 143

dissolved substance

Front 144

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape remains the same?

Back 144

isotonic enviroment

Front 145

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape inflates?

Back 145

hypotonic enviroment

Front 146

in red blodd cells what sort of enviroment is it in if the shape shrink?

Back 146

hypetonic enviroment

Front 147

Theis enviroment solution has an equal concentration of solute compared to the indie of the cell

Back 147

isotonic enviroment

Front 148

this enviroment/solution has a greater concetration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 148

hypertonic

Front 149

this enviroment/soltuion has a lower concentration of solute than the inside of the cell

Back 149

hypotonic

Front 150

cell with what are more tolerable to excessive water movements, but still exhibit cellular changes

Back 150

cell walls

Front 151

What is a hypertonic molecule referred as?

Back 151

plasmorized

Front 152

what is an isotonic molecule referred to as?

Back 152

flaccid

Front 153

what is a hypotonic molecules reffered to as?

Back 153

turgid

Front 154

Which molecule is the normal state?

Back 154

turgid

Front 155

Whn is energy required to move a cell?

Back 155

when it is moving against the concentration gradient

Front 156

What does the trasport protein bind with to push through the concenration gradient?

Back 156

ATP and Ca^2+

Front 157

cellular uptake of large molecules (macromolecules) and paritvulate substances (food) by the localized pinching off a region of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle

Back 157

endocytosis

Front 158

What are the three types of endocytosis

Back 158

phagnocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 159

(cell eating)
endocytosis of solid particles

Back 159

phagnocytosis

Front 160

may involve the formation of psedopodia

Back 160

phagnocytosis

Front 161

notices/sneses food particle and psedopods are formed around the food particle to bring it into the cell

Back 161

endocytosis

Front 162

(cell drinking)
endocytosis of fluid droplets

Back 162

pinocytosis

Front 163

the process of importing specific macro-molecules into the cell by the inward budding nof vesicles formed from coated pits

Back 163

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 164

endocytosis that occurs in response to the binding of specific nutrients to receptors on the cell's surface

Back 164

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 165

moves material out of the cell

Back 165

exocytosis

Front 166

large cellular secretion of large molecules (macromolecules) by the fusion of vesicles w/ the plasma membrane

Back 166

exocytosis

Front 167

connections between cells integrate cells into higher levels of structure and function such as?

Back 167

tissue and organs

Front 168

what asre cells connected by?

Back 168

desmosomes

Front 169

leak-proof connections which hold 2 cells togerther

Back 169

tight junctions

Front 170

communicartion between cells occurs via which two things?

Back 170

gap junctions and plasmodesmata

Front 171

animal cells communicate through ________ where 2 channel proteins in adjacent cells line up

Back 171

gap junctions

Front 172

these things arise by a stable alignment of channels proteins in adjacent cells so that pores are directly across from one another

Back 172

gap junctions

Front 173

What three things pass through the gap junctions?

Back 173

hormones, ions, and nutrients

Front 174

for plant cellls to move large amounts of water and macromolecules which wide interconnects are used?

Back 174

plasmodesmata

Front 175

large non-protein channels through both the cell membranes and the cell wall of neighboring plant cells

Back 175

plasadesmata

Front 176

what three things pass through plasmadesmata?

Back 176

water nutreints and hormones

Front 177

what is the smallest living unit?

Back 177

cell

Front 178

what is the gentic material in cells?

Back 178

DNA

Front 179

dense region of DNA in a prkaryotic cell?

Back 179

nucleiod region

Front 180

the entire region inside the cell membrane and outside the nucleus in cells that have a nucleous (prokaryotic cell)?

Back 180

cytoplasm

Front 181

is a prokaryote or a eukayote compartimentalized into organelles?

Back 181

eukaryotic

Front 182

one of several components suspended in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Back 182

organelles

Front 183

Name seven cellular organelles?

Back 183

nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (rough/smooth), golgi complex, vesicles, mitochondria, chlroplasts

Front 184

componant that contains the cells gentic library

Back 184

nucleus

Front 185

conspicuous membrane bound organeelle in a eukarytoic cell that contains most of the genetic material

Back 185

nucleus

Front 186

double membrane which encloses the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell

Back 186

nuclear envelope

Front 187

spherical shaped region in the nuceus where eukaryptic ribosomes are assembled

Back 187

nucleolus

Front 188

site of ribosome productionand there may be two or more per cell

Back 188

nucleolus

Front 189

complex of DNA and histonic proteins which make up chromosomes in eukaryotic cells

Back 189

chromatin

Front 190

n non-dividing cells what appears as a mass of diffuse stained material?

Back 190

chromatin

Front 191

long threadlike associations of genes, composed of chromatin and found in the nucleaus of eukaryotic cells?

Back 191

chromosomes

Front 192

each species has a diffrent number of what?

Back 192

chromosomes

Front 193

cytoplasmic complexes which are the sites of protein sythesis and is the site of buliding cell's proteins

Back 193

ribosomes

Front 194

contain rRNA and many proteins

Back 194

ribosomes

Front 195

-made up of two subunits
- in prokaryotes these are frree in the cytoplasm

Back 195

ribosomes

Front 196

in eukaryote sthey are either free or attached to a membrane

Back 196

ribosmoes

Front 197

what is the diffrence between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 197

rough- ribosomes

Front 198

what are many cell organells cennected through?

Back 198

endomembrane system

Front 199

What three things make up the endomembrane system?

Back 199

nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum and golgi complex

Front 200

What two thing make up the golgi complex?

Back 200

lysossomes and vacuoles

Front 201

The components of a cell are related in what two ways?

Back 201

directly and indirectly

Front 202

Direct contact entails what?

Back 202

through physical contact

Front 203

Indirect contact entails what?

Back 203

through vesicles

Front 204

membrane enclosed sacs that are pinched off portions of membranes

Back 204

vesicles

Front 205

formed at one site and move to a membrane at another site

Back 205

vesicles

Front 206

manufactures membranes and performs other vital biosynthetic functions

Back 206

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 207

extensive membraneuos network of tubules and sacs

Back 207

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 208

largest part of the cells membrane system?

Back 208

endoplasmic reticulum

Front 209

main function of this membrane is to synthesize lipids (especially phosopholipids and steroid)

Back 209

smmoth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 210

the main function of this membrane is to manufacture membranes and synthesis of secretory proteins

Back 210

rough endomplasmic reticulum

Front 211

What are the three steps in synthesizing a secretory protein?

Back 211

-protein is synthesized by a bound ribosome
-the newly synthesizedprotein moves through the ER membrane in to the ER
-a vesicle carriying the protein is pinched off the ER and travels to the golgi complex

Front 212

in what membrane the protein is modified and package into vesicles?

Back 212

golgi

Front 213

After the protein vesicle is released from the golgi membrane the protein travels to the plasma membrane, fuses w/ it and releases the protein wherre?

Back 213

outside the cell

Front 214

What finishes, sorts and ships many ell products and absorvs from the ER

Back 214

the golgi apparatus

Front 215

organells made up of stacked\, flattened membraneuous sacs that modify, store sort and route products of the ER

Back 215

the golgi apparatus

Front 216

What are the 2 faces of the golgi apparatus?

Back 216

cisface and thr transface

Front 217

Where does the cisface point?

Back 217

points to the ER

Front 218

Where does the transface point to?

Back 218

points to the plasma membrane

Front 219

one type of vesicle which leaves from the golgi complex is the what?

Back 219

lysosome

Front 220

membrane bound organells which are digestive compartments that digest all major classes of marcomolecules?

Back 220

lysosome

Front 221

What are the three functions of the lysosome?

Back 221

intracellular digestion
recycling of ccellular material and programmed cell desruction

Front 222

food particles are formed by phagnocytosis of a food particle

Back 222

intracellular digestion

Front 223

what are the two main energy transformers of cells?

Back 223

mitochondris and chrloplasts

Front 224

What are the following features featurs of?
-douvle membranes
-membranes are not apart of the endomembrane system
-contain ribosomes and DNA
-are semi-autonomous

Back 224

motichondria and chrolroplasts

Front 225

What two things produce some but not all of their proteins? (10-20%)

Back 225

mitochondria and chrolplasts

Front 226

What are two features of something that is semi-sutonomous?

Back 226

grow and reproduce

Front 227

chrophyll contaiaining organelles which are the sites of photosynthesis

Back 227

chroplasts

Front 228

organelles which use energy extracted from organic macromolecules to produce ATP

Back 228

mitochondria

Front 229

What kind of energy does mitochondria produce?

Back 229

ATP

Front 230

what is 1-10 um?

Back 230

mtochondria

Front 231

Whats number varies per ell with metabolic activity and has the ability to move and change shape?

Back 231

mitochondria

Front 232

What in the mitochondrias inner membrane makes it have more surface area?

Back 232

its highly folded layers

Front 233

what are the infolded structures of the mitochondria called?

Back 233

cristaes

Front 234

what is the space between two membranes?

Back 234

intermembrane space/compartment

Front 235

space inside of the inner membrane is called the

Back 235

matrix

Front 236

provides shape, support, and movement

Back 236

cytoskeleton

Front 237

netweork of protein fibers that most organelles are attached to

Back 237

cytoskeleton

Front 238

What are the three types of protein fibers that make up the cytoskeleton?

Back 238

microfilaments, intermediate filamemnts and microtublues

Front 239

the capacity to do work

Back 239

energy

Front 240

what are the two types of energy?

Back 240

potential and kinetic

Front 241

stored energy in matter

Back 241

potenial

Front 242

the energy in chemical bonds and electrical energy in a battery is an example of what type of energy?

Back 242

potential

Front 243

energy in motion or movement

Back 243

kinetic

Front 244

electricity is an example of what type of energy?

Back 244

kinetic

Front 245

are the two types of energies interchangeable?

Back 245

YES

Front 246

What laws are the properties of energy described by?

Back 246

thermodynamics

Front 247

energy transfer by organisma is subject to what two laws?

Back 247

thermodynics

Front 248

energy can be transferred and transformed but cannot be created or destroyed. which law?

Back 248

1st law of thermodynamics

Front 249

every energy transfer or transformation results in a decrease of useful energy. which law?

Back 249

2nd law of thermodynamics

Front 250

the state of disorder or randomness

Back 250

entropy

Front 251

some energy is used to increase what?

Back 251

entropy

Front 252

a system that is sompletly isolated from its surroundings

Back 252

closed system

Front 253

a univers is an example of what type of system?

Back 253

clesed system

Front 254

energy can be transfored between the system and its surroundings

Back 254

open system

Front 255

begin w/ a set of substances (reactants) and end w/ a diffrent set of substances (products)

Back 255

chemical reactions

Front 256

A chemical reaction is either ______ or ________

Back 256

exergonic or endergonic

Front 257

reactions that release energy

Back 257

exergonic

Front 258

A+B = Energy + D

Back 258

exergonic reactions

Front 259

energy requiring reactants

Back 259

endergonic reactions

Front 260

energy + A + B = D

Back 260

endergonic reactions

Front 261

what type of reaction releases energy, is energetically downhill, and is spontaneous?

Back 261

exergonic

Front 262

What type of reaction requires energy, is energetically unhill, and is not spontaneous?

Back 262

endergonic reactions

Front 263

What is the beginning set of substances called?

Back 263

reactants

Front 264

What is he ending set of substances called

Back 264

products

Front 265

initial energy that ALL reactions require to get started

Back 265

activation energy

Front 266

amount of energy that reactant molecules must absorb to start a reaction

Back 266

activation energy

Front 267

glucose and oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water is an example of what type of reaction?

Back 267

exergonic

Front 268

carbon dioxide and water producing glucose is an example of what type of reaction?

Back 268

endergonic

Front 269

what type of reaction requires energy output?

Back 269

endergonic

Front 270

sugar formed by photosynthetic organisms contain more energy than what?

Back 270

the organisms that it was formed from (carbon dioxide and water)

Front 271

requires energy that dcomes from sunlight

Back 271

photosynthesis

Front 272

What type of reaction requires energy, is energetically unhill, and is not spontaneous?

Back 272

endergonic reactions

Front 273

What is the beginning set of substances called?

Back 273

reactants

Front 274

What is he ending set of substances called

Back 274

products

Front 275

initial energy that ALL reactions require to get started

Back 275

activation energy

Front 276

amount of energy that reactant molecules must absorb to start a reaction

Back 276

activation energy

Front 277

glucose and oxygen producing carbon dioxide and water is an example of what type of reaction?

Back 277

exergonic

Front 278

carbon dioxide and water producing glucose is an example of what type of reaction?

Back 278

endergonic

Front 279

what type of reaction requires energy output?

Back 279

endergonic

Front 280

sugar formed by photosynthetic organisms contain more energy than what?

Back 280

the organisms that it was formed from (carbon dioxide and water)

Front 281

requires energy that dcomes from sunlight

Back 281

photosynthesis

Front 282

reactions which release energy can be coupled to take energy are called

Back 282

coupled reactions

Front 283

In the example of sun and plants where do the endergonic reactions take place and where do the exergonic reactiosn take place?

Back 283

endergonic-sun
exergonic-plant

Front 284

what is transferred from exergonic parts to endergonic parts in living organisms

Back 284

energy

Front 285

energy is transferred by energy carrier molecules known as?

Back 285

ATP

Front 286

Gluscose breakdown and protein synthesis is an example of what type of reaction?

Back 286

coupled reaction

Front 287

principal energy carrier in cells

Back 287

ATP

Front 288

when energy is stored in ATP it is known as?

Back 288

ATP synthesis

Front 289

When energy in ATP is realeased it is known as?

Back 289

ATP breakdown

Front 290

what stores energy in chemical bonds and carry energy to sites where energy requireing reactions occur?

Back 290

ATP

Front 291

the bonds joining the last phophate groups of ATP to the rest of the molecule are called what?

Back 291

high-energy bonds

Front 292

what type of bonds require a high amount of energy to form?

Back 292

high energy bonds

Front 293

ATP is broken down to release energy and form what two things?

Back 293

ADP and phosphate

Front 294

what is not a long term energy strorage molecule?

Back 294

ATP

Front 295

What are two examples of more stable energy storage molecules?

Back 295

fat and glycogen

Front 296

the sum/totality of the organisms chamical processes

Back 296

metabolism

Front 297

What are the four steps of metabolism?

Back 297

-uptake of matter and energy
-conversion to useable forms
-synthesis of cellular materials
-elimanation of waste products

Front 298

What are these four steps the process of?
-uptake of matter and energy
-conversion to useable form
-synthesis of cellular materials
-elimination of waste products

Back 298

metabolism

Front 299

the chemical proccesses of life are linked in sequences called?

Back 299

metabolic pathways

Front 300

What are the two types of metabolic pathays?

Back 300

catabolic and aabolic

Front 301

metabolic pathways which release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds

Back 301

catabolic pathways

Front 302

What does degradation of something release?

Back 302

energy

Front 303

metabolic pathways which concsume energy to build complicated molecules from cimpler ones

Back 303

anabolic

Front 304

What does synthesis of proteins require?

Back 304

energy

Front 305

metabolic pathways are orderly b/c of what three reasons?

Back 305

-cells regulate reactions using proteins called enzymes
-celles couples exergonic reactions w/enedergonic reactions
-cells make energy-carrier molecules that transport energy from exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Front 306

These three things make matabolic pathways what?
-cells regulate reactions using proteins alled enzymes
-cells couple exergonic reactions w/ endergonic ones
-cell make energy-carrier molecules that transport energy from exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Back 306

more orderly

Front 307

speed up the metabolic reaction by lowering energy barriers

Back 307

enzymes

Front 308

biological catalysts which are usually proteins

Back 308

enzymes

Front 309

chemical agents taht accelerate a reaction w/o being permemntly changed in the process

Back 309

catalysts

Front 310

what is reuaable and is not destroyed by reations that it influences?

Back 310

catalyst

Front 311

substances which enzymes act on.

Back 311

substrates

Front 312

What does degradation of something release?

Back 312

energy

Front 313

metabolic pathways which concsume energy to build complicated molecules from cimpler ones

Back 313

anabolic

Front 314

What does synthesis of proteins require?

Back 314

energy

Front 315

metabolic pathways are orderly b/c of what three reasons?

Back 315

-cells regulate reactions using proteins called enzymes
-celles couples exergonic reactions w/enedergonic reactions
-cells make energy-carrier molecules that transport energy from exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Front 316

These three things make matabolic pathways what?
-cells regulate reactions using proteins alled enzymes
-cells couple exergonic reactions w/ endergonic ones
-cell make energy-carrier molecules that transport energy from exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions

Back 316

more orderly

Front 317

speed up the metabolic reaction by lowering energy barriers

Back 317

enzymes

Front 318

biological catalysts which are usually proteins

Back 318

enzymes

Front 319

chemical agents taht accelerate a reaction w/o being permemntly changed in the process

Back 319

catalysts

Front 320

what is reuaable and is not destroyed by reations that it influences?

Back 320

catalyst

Front 321

substances which enzymes act on.

Back 321

substrates

Front 322

biological catalyst which is substrate specific

Back 322

enzyme

Front 323

in the presence of the appriate enzyme substartes become more what?

Back 323

reactive

Front 324

what binds its substrate and catlyses the conversion of the substarte (reactants) to the product?

Back 324

enzyme

Front 325

the enzyme binds its substarte and catlyses the conversion of the substrate (reactantss) to what?

Back 325

the product

Front 326

the substarte binds to the what of an enzyme?

Back 326

active site

Front 327

when the substrate and enzyme are connected it is known as the?

Back 327

enzyme-substrate complex

Front 328

restricted region of an enzyme molecule where the substarte binds

Back 328

active site

Front 329

usually a pocket or groove on he surface of a protein and is usually formed by only a few amino acid R-groups

Back 329

active site

Front 330

the shape size and binding abiltity of what confer specifically for the substarte?

Back 330

active site

Front 331

some enzymes require what to function?

Back 331

coenzymes

Front 332

small nonprotein organic molecules that are required for proper enzymes functions

Back 332

coenzymes

Front 333

vitamins are an example of?

Back 333

coenzymes

Front 334

by regulating the synthesis of enzymes and synthesizing enzymes in inactive form and activate them when needed and inhibiting the enzymes when adequeste amount of enzyme product is avialaible is a way for the cell to?

Back 334

regulate the amount and activity of the enzyme

Front 335

What three ways does the cell regulate the amount and activity of enzyme

Back 335

-by regulating the synthesis of enzymes and synthesizing enzymes in inactive form and activate them when needed and inhibiting the enzymes when adequeste amount of enzyme product is avialaible

Front 336

in what two ways is enzyme activity regulated?

Back 336

feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation

Front 337

the acticity of an enzyme is inhibited by its own product or a product along the metabolic pathway

Back 337

feedback inhibition

Front 338

enzymes regulater that prevents a cell from making something in excess

Back 338

feedback inhibition

Front 339

enzyme action is enhanced ot inhibited by small organic molcules that act as regulators

Back 339

allosteric regulation

Front 340

an enzyme regulator that involves the molecules attaching and changing the shape of the active site

Back 340

allosteric regulation

Front 341

What is neither the substartes nor product of the enzyme?

Back 341

the regulator

Front 342

regulator molecules are bond to what?

Back 342

allosteric regulatory sites

Front 343

binding of this changes the shape of the active site

Back 343

regulatory molecule

Front 344

what is a mechanism of feedback inhibition?

Back 344

allosteric regulation

Front 345

when a regulator molecule bonds to the allosteric regulatory site, the enzyme becomes more or less able to bond to what?

Back 345

the substarte

Front 346

has 2 conformations, 1 is cataclytically active and the other is inactive

Back 346

allosteric enzymes

Front 347

the catalytic activity of the enzyme can be inhibited by?

Back 347

competitive inhibition

Front 348

molecules that resemble the enzyemes normal substarte and so they compets w/ it for the active site

Back 348

competitive inhibitors

Front 349

these inhibitors block the active site by binding and no reacting with the enzmye

Back 349

competitive inhibitors

Front 350

Is the binding of inhibitors irreversible?

Back 350

no

Front 351

site for photosynthesis in plants

Back 351

chrolrpplasts

Front 352

transforms light energy trapped by chrolplasts into chemical bond energy and stores that energy in sugar and other organic molecules

Back 352

photosynthesis

Front 353

Photosynthesis synthesizes energy rich molecules such as ______ from energy poor molecules such as ________ and _________

Back 353

glucose; carbon dioxide and water

Front 354

photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide as what type of source?

Back 354

carbon

Front 355

photsynthesis uses light-energy as what type of source?

Back 355

an energy source

Front 356

what are the major organs of photosynthesis?

Back 356

leaves

Front 357

green pigment that gives a leaf its color

Back 357

chrophyll

Front 358

responsible for the absorption of light energy that drives photosynthesis

Back 358

chrophyll

Front 359

chroplasts are primarily in the cells what?

Back 359

mesophyli

Front 360

what two things do chroplasts contain?

Back 360

thylakoid and stroma

Front 361

flattned membraneous sacs inside the chrolplasts

Back 361

thylakoids

Front 362

semi-fluid medium whithin the mitochondria

Back 362

stroma

Front 363

located in the thylakoid membrane

Back 363

chlrophyll

Front 364

thylakoids are arranged in stacks called?

Back 364

grana

Front 365

The thylakoids are where what typ of reaction occer?

Back 365

light-dependant reactions