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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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what is mitosis? what is its role? |
mitosis is a process of nuclear division, it's role is to help growth and repair |
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what is cytokinesis? |
the division of the cytoplasm |
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what 3 organells contain DNA? |
mitochondria, nuclei and chloroplasts |
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define biotic |
living organisms/factors which can effect an ecosystem |
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define abiotic |
non-living factors which effect an eco-system |
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define distribution |
where an organism is found in the enviroment |
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define abundance |
how many particular species are present |
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what is the word equation for photosynthesis? |
carbon dioxide + water --sunlight--> glucose +oxygen |
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what is the word equation for respiration? |
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide +water+ energy |
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what are 3 sampling techniques? |
Transects, Quadrats and capture-mark-recapture |
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what is a transect? |
a straight line marked with rope or tape across an area, if the desired organism is touching that line, it is counted (also belt transects) |
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what are quadrats? |
placing quadrats (squares) randomly in an area and counting the desires organism in the squares |
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what is capture-mark-recapture? |
animals are captured, marked, then released. after a while more animals are captured and the amount which were already previously marked are taken into proportion as the animals population |
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define mutualism |
where both organisms benifit |
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define commensalism |
only one organism benefits but the other is not harmed |
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parasitism? |
one benefits, one suffers |
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competition? |
2 organisms after the same resource |
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alleopathy |
releasing chemicals into the surrounding area to reduce competition |
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what is the role of detrovites in ecosystems? |
primary consumers, feed on dead organic material |
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what is the role of decomposers in an ecosystem |
they release nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter |
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food chain |
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food web |
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biomass pyramid |
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define adaptation |
specialized features that help organisms survive in a particular environment |
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what are the 4 trophic levels in order? |
Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Primary producers |
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what are the 3 types of adaptations? |
Structural Physiological Behavioural |
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what are the four major substances found in living cells |
Carbohydrates Protiens Lipids Nucleic acids |
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are molecules always moving in and out of cells? |
yes |
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a cell membrane |
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the bilayer of a cell membrane has, what are these called? |
hydrophobic tails hydropholic heads phospholipid bilayer |
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what are the two types of proteins in a cell membrane? |
inegral (inside) periphiral (outside) |
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is the cell membrane semi-permiable? |
YES |
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diffusion is |
the spreading out of a substance |
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in what direction of the concentration gradient does diffusion move? |
HIGH TO LOW |
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diffusion |
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define osmosis |
the movement of water across a semi-permiable membrane from a low solute to a high solute |
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when the concentration gradient becomes the same it is called a |
dynamic equilibrium |
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osmosis |
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during osmosis, when the solute outside the cell is increased, the cell gets: |
smaller |
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what is the formula to find the concentration gradient? |
(solute divided by total particles) x100 |
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dynamic equalibrium |
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the smaller the object the **** its SA/V ratio |
larger |
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the larger an objects SA/V the *** it will dissolve |
faster |
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an example of a cells structure relating to its function is |
the sperm has a strong tail which allows it to swim to an egg |
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autotrophs |
create their own food |
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Hetrotrophs |
rely on other substances for food |
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to test Glucose |
Benedicts solutions, orange |
charlie |
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to test starch |
iodine, Blue |
me |
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Lipids |
oil, transparent |
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Protien |
Copper sulfate and Sodium Hydroxide, purple |
zoe |
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Chloride ions |
silver nitrate, white |
surf |
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Lignin |
toluidine Blue, turned blue |
T |
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why do leaves want to have a large SA/V? |
gas exchange occurs quickly, large exposure to light |
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the digestive tracks of Herbivorous are |
longer and more complex |
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chemical breakdown |
digestive enzymes break down food chemically |
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what is the role of the ceacum and the ruman |
to hold microbes which break down cellulose |
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the two main characteristics of a carnivorous digestive system are; |
a short digestive track and a flexible stomach |
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the digestive system of a Nectavore is very |
simple |
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what is the role of the digestive system? |
break food down into smaller, more soluble molecules |
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what is the role of the respiratory system? |
enables organisms to absorb oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies |
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what are the main organs of the respiratory system? |
trachea, lungs, bronchus, alveoli |
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what is the role of the circulatory system? |
transport of gases, nutrients, waste products ect generally through blood |
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main organs of the circulatory system |
blood, arteries, vessels, capillaries, heart |
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role of the excretory system |
(pee) to remove metabolic waste from the system (generally urea) |
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major organs of the excretory system |
kidney, urethra, bladder |
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what are the 5 things that you need for efficient gas exchange |
large SA/V, thin surface, be moist, be close to blood vessels, be permeable to gases |
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define gas exchange |
the diffusion of gases into and out of cells so that respiration can take place |
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what are the 3 major organs in an insects respiratory system |
tracheoles, Trachea and spiracles |
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what do the tracheoles do? |
the tinniestes of branch of the Trachea, filed with water so the oxygen can dissolve |
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in insects, each tracheole leads to its own what? |
cell |
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what are the sites of gas exchange in a frog? |
mouth, nostrils, skin and lungs |
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how is a frogs skin kept moist |
mucas glands |
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what are the 3 steps of gas exchange in a fish? |
1. fish take in a stream of water which runs over their gills 2. their blood flows in a different direction to the water 3. counter-current exchange occurs because the blood with the lowest O2 runs next to teh freshest water with the highest 02 so the 02 is exchanged |
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what is counter-current exchange? |
oxygen poor blood running in capillaries next to oxygen rich water, so that oxygen can be transferred as efficiently as possible into the blood stream of the fish |
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what is the flow chart of where oxygen travels in mammals in gas exchange? |
trachea-->bronchus-->bronchioles-->alveoli-->capillaries (gas exchange)-->around the body |
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how is SA increased in the lungs of mammals |
folding in the air sacs |
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what is the role of root hairs? |
increase SA for osmosis of water into the plant |
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what is the role of the xylem? is it passive or active? |
transport of water and dissolved minerals, passive |
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what is the role of the phloem? is it passive or active? |
to transport sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant, active |
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what are the 2 roles of stomates and where are they located? |
located in the leaves, the main site of gaseous exchange, where water evaporation occurs in the plant |
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what is the role of lenticles and where are they located in the plant? |
site of gas exchange and water loss, located in the stem (not the root) |
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what is the vascular bundle and where is it located? |
the location of the xylem and phloem, in the root AND stem |
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what is the yellow? it is always facing what way? |
the xylem, inwards |
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what is this pointing to? what part of the plant is it in? |
the vascular bundle, the stem |
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what is the part in yellow? what part of the plant is this in? |
the cortex, the root |
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what is the part in red? what part of the plant is this? |
the phloem, the root |
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what is transpiration? |
the movement of water in plants |
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what does the CAT theory stand for and what does it support? |
supports the movement of water in plants, stands for cohesion, adhesion, transpiration |
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define adhesion |
the force which attracts the water molecules to the molecules making up the walls of the xylem |
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define cohesion |
the force which attracts water molecules to eachother |
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define transpiration |
water being evaporated from the stomates in leaves |
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transpiration rates can be increased through what 4 conditions? |
light (opening stomata) heat (evaporation) wind dry air |
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define translocation |
the movement of sugars in a plant |
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what is the name of the theory which supports translocation? |
source-path-sink |
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what is the source? |
where the sugar is produced (leaves) |
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what is the path? |
the movement of the sugars around the plant |
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what is the sink? |
the part of the plant that needs the sugar |
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what are the 6 steps of trans-location? |
1. sugar produced in the leaves 2. the sugar is loaded into the phloem 3. water moves from the xylem into the phloem 4. the water and sugar moves down the phloem through the sieve plates 5. the sugar is loaded into the sink 6. the water pressure means that the water moves back into the xylem |
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other than the CAT theory, what influences the movement of water in the xylem? |
root pressure |
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what does the arrow in a food chain/web represent? |
the transfer of energy |
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