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185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where photosynthesis occurs
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Chloroplast
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Chemical compounds that make leaves green
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Chlorophyll
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Equation for photosynthesis
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6CO2+6H2O+Sunlight Energy -> 6O2+C6H12O6
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Energy that travels in waves
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Electromagnetic Energy
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A substances color becaue of chemicals (reflects and absorbs different light)
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Pigment
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The range of types of electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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A method to find out what pigment is absorbed by leaves
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Paper Chromotography
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Three things to sugar can be made into by photosynthesis
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Starch, fatty acids, and cellulose
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Photosynthesis add or remove CO2 from atmosphere?
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Remove
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DNA+protein in a relaxed state where it appears as a mass of fibers
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Chromatin
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Formed by the coiling/packing of chromatin into rod-like structures
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Chromosomes
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The two strands of a dupilcated chromosome that appear as 2 connected rods
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Chromatids
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Takes up 90% of cell cycle
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Interphase
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Interphase consists of what 3 parts?
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G1, S, and G2
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What general phase is responsible for cell divison?
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M phase
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What is responsible for the division the cytoplasm and membrane?
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Cytokinesis
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How many cells to mitosis make?
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2
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How many cells to meiosis make?
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4
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What are the four stages inside mitosis?
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Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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Any disease relatid to uncontrolled cell division?
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Cancer
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Body cells that perform mitosis
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Somatic Cells
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Are somatic cells diploid or haploid?
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Diploid
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Give rise to eggs or sperm and perform meiosis
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Sex Cells
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Are sex cells diploid or haploid?
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Haploid
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A cell that has 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
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Diploid Cell
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A cell that has one set of chromosome
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Haploid Cell
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Pairs of chromosomes that have the same structure and have genes that code for the same traits
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Homologous Chromosomes
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The narrow or constricted part of a chromosome, where 2 chromatids are attached
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Centromere
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A picture of chromosomes arranged by size
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Karyotype
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All non-sex chromosomes
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Autosomes
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Variation occurs due to random alignment of maternal + paternal chromosomes
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Gene Shuffling
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Creates new combos of maternal + paternal genes on a single chromosome
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Crossing Over
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Do the chromosomes pair up in the mitotic cell cycle?
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No
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Does crossing over happen in meiosis?
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Yes
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# of divisions in meiosis
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2
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# of chromosomes compaired to parent cell in meiosis
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half
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Monk who experimented with pea plants in austria
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Mendel
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The study of heredity
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Genetics
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Passing of traits from parents to offspring
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Heredity
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Different forms of the same characterisic
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Traits
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An aspect of a being
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Characteristic
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A portion of a chromosome that determines a trait
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Gene
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An alternative version of a gene coding for a particular trait
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Allele
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The trait/allele that appears in the F1
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Dominant
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The trait/allele that does not appear in the F1
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Recessive
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Having 2 identical alleles
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Homozygous
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Having 2 different alleles
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Heterozygous
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The alleles that an organism has (AA,Aa,aa)
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Genotype
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How organisms appear (tall, short)
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Phenotype
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A cross between 2 individuals that are heterozygous and what ratio does it result in?
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Monohybrid cross 3:1
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A cross between 2 individuals who are heterozygous for 2 traits
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Dihybrid Cross
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A table that shows possible offspring of a cross
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Punnet Square
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A cross between individuals showing the dominant phenotype with an individual showing recessive trait
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Test cross
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Basic assumptions of mendel
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Mendels Principles : Principle of Dominance, Principle of Segregation, and Principle of Independant Assortment
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2 possible alleles for every trait (Principle)
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Principle of dominance
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Each gamete only has one trait
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Principle of segregation
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The alleles for 2 different traits seperate independantly during gamete formation
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Principle of Independant Assortment
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One allele is not dominant to the other
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Intermediate inheritace
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Both alleles of heterozygoute are shown in phenotype
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Codominance
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One trait is determined by more than one gene
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Polygenetic inheritance
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The gene and the environment interact to determine the trait
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Multifactorial Inheritance
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Genes are linked on same chromosome
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Genetic linkage
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Genes are located on sex chromosome
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Sex linkage
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Scientist who worked with bacteria and asked what is the transforming factor?
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Griffith
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Scientist who added digesting enzymes and found dna was transforming factor
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Avery
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Scientist who worked with bacteriophages found DNA is genetic material
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Hershey and Chase
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DNA's full name
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Deoxyribonucleic acid
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DNA is made of?
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Nucleotides
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3 parts of Nucleotide?
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Phosphate group, deoxyribos, and nitrogenous bases
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What are the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA?
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Thymine, Adeinine, Guanine, and Cytosine
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Scientist who paired nitrogenous bases
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Chargaff
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Scientist who discovered the complete structure of DNA
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Watson and Crick
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What stage does replication happen?
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S
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Monomers of proteins?
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Aminoacids
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Polymers of proteins?
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Polypeptide
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DNA is in the _____
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Nucleus
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DNA into RNA
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Transcription
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RNA into Protein
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Translation
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RNA that contains code for building a polypeptide
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mRNA
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RNA that is in the ribosome
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rRNA
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RNA that brings amino acids to ribosome
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tRNA
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DNA's structure is a _____
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Double Helix
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Adeinine pairs with?
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Thymine
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Guanine pairs with?
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Cytosine
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The _____ is taken out during RNA processing
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Introns
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Transcription happens during what phases?
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G1 and G2
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3 nucleotiede of a mRNA
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Codon
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3 nucleotides of tRNA
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Anticodon
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A triplet that has not tRNA with a complementary anticodon
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Stop codon
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3 bases = ? # of amino acid
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1
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Mutation that changes a base
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Base substitution
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Mutation that adds or removes a base
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Base insertions or deletions
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Having an extra chromosome
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Trisomy
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Having 1 less chromosome than normal
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Monosomy
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A piece of a chromosome is repeated
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Duplication
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A piece of a chromosome is missing
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Deletion
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Two parts of one chromosome are reversed
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Inversion
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A piece of one chromosome breaking off and becoming attached to another non-homologous chromosome
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Translocation
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Single genes move from one location to another either between or with in chromosomes
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Transposons
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A family tree showing the occurence of a single trait
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Pedegrees
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A trait caused by recessive alleles on an autosome
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Autosomal recessive
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A trait caused by a dominant allele on an autosome
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Autosomal dominant
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A mutated form of gene involved in cell division that premotes cell division and causes cel to ignore checkpoints
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Oncogene
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A mutated form of this gene allows cell division to occur when it shouldnt
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Tumor-suppressor gene
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The use of organisms to solve a problem or make a product
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Biotechnology
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A circular piece of DNA found in bacteria, used to "shuttle" DNA between bacteria
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Plasmid
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Found in bacteria and act as a defense agains viruses
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Restriction enzymes
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What are restriction enzymes used for in biotechnology?
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Cutting DNA as specific nucleotide sequences
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Making many copies of a single gene on a segment of DNA
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Gene/molecular cloning
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Making many copies of a certain cell type
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Cellular cloning
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Organisms that have gained one or more genes by artificial means
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Genetically modified organisms
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Organims that have one or more genes from another species
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Transgenic organisms
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A tool used to make many copies of a piece of DNA from a very tiny amount of starting DNA
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Polymerase chain reaction
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A tool used to separeate and visualize DNA fragments of different sizes
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Gel electrophoresis
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Change over time
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Evolution
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Mechanism for evolution that involves some individuals surving and reproducing more than others based on a better trait
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Natural Selection
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General name for changes in the # and types of species over the history of the planet
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Macroevolution
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General name for the changes in the makeup of a population of organisms
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Microevolution
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An inherited characteristic that helps organisms survive and reproduce
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Adaptation
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The ability to survive and reproduce
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Fitness
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Scientist who studied fossils and thought that species could have changed
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Buffon
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Scientist that said specides chage and preposed a mechanism involving individuals responding to environment
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Lamarck
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Geologist who thought that earth is old and changes slowly
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Lyell
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Scientist who became a naturalist and preposed natural selection
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Darwin
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Animals and plant breeders can cause change by _____
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Articficial selection
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Author who wrote about overcrowding in cities
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Malthus
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Scientist who wrote to darwin and preposed same idea of natural selection
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Wallace
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The current living species come from ancestor species that are no longer living
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Decent with modification
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Individuals in a population with the best adaptions leave the most offspring
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Natural Selection
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Any remains of a past organism
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Fossil
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Bodyparts of different speciest that are similar because they share a common ancestor
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Homologous structures
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Bodyparts that lack a function in the current species but had a function in the ancestral species
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Vestigial structures
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Related organisms have similar embryos
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Comparative embryology
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Related species have similar nucleotide and aminoacid sequences
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Comparative biochemistry
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All the alleles of the individuals that make up a population
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Gene pool
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How common a particular allele is in the gene pool or a population
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Frequency of alleles
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Scientists who made 5 assumptions that lead to a equilibrium
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Hardy and Weinburg
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Occurs often in a small population, changes in allele frequency due to chance
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Genetic drift
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A population becomes very small and the gene pool of teh survivers has a different allele frequency from origional pop.
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Bottleneck effect
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A few individuals leave origional pop and begin new, new pop had a different frequency than orgional pop.
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Founder effect
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Bodyparts of different speciest that are similar because they share a common ancestor
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Homologous structures
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Bodyparts that lack a function in the current species but had a function in the ancestral species
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Vestigial structures
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Related organisms have similar embryos
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Comparative embryology
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Related species have similar nucleotide and aminoacid sequences
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Comparative biochemistry
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All the alleles of the individuals that make up a population
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Gene pool
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How common a particular allele is in the gene pool or a population
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Frequency of alleles
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Scientists who made 5 assumptions that lead to a equilibrium
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Hardy and Weinburg
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Occurs often in a small population, changes in allele frequency due to chance
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Genetic drift
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A population becomes very small and the gene pool of teh survivers has a different allele frequency from origional pop.
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Bottleneck effect
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A few individuals leave origional pop and begin new, new pop had a different frequency than orgional pop.
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Founder effect
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When individuals move between populations frequencys can be changed
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Gene flow
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if organisms are chosing mates based on some characteristic (hotness) then the individuals with that characteristic will leave more offspring (if only if only)
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Non-random mating
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Individuals of the same type who interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
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Biological Species Concept
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The formation of new species
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Speciation
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A common ancestor gives rise to 2 new species
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Divergent evolution
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A situation where there are barriers to interbreeding and making fertile offspring
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Reproductive isolation
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Organisms separated due to living in different areas
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Geographic isolation
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Organisms seperated due to having different mating seasons or active times
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Tempoal isolation
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Organisms seperated due to different mating behaviors and rituals
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Behavioral isolation
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Organisms seperated due to living in different habitats in the same general area
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Habitat isolation
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When individuals move between populations frequencys can be changed
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Gene flow
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if organisms are chosing mates based on some characteristic (hotness) then the individuals with that characteristic will leave more offspring (if only if only)
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Non-random mating
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Individuals of the same type who interbreed in nature and produce fertile offspring
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Biological Species Concept
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The formation of new species
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Speciation
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A common ancestor gives rise to 2 new species
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Divergent evolution
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A situation where there are barriers to interbreeding and making fertile offspring
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Reproductive isolation
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Organisms separated due to living in different areas
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Geographic isolation
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Organisms seperated due to having different mating seasons or active times
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Tempoal isolation
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Organisms seperated due to different mating behaviors and rituals
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Behavioral isolation
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Organisms seperated due to living in different habitats in the same general area
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Habitat isolation
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Organisms seperated due to reproductive structures that dont match
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Mechanical Isolation
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Gametes will not fuse to make a zygote
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Gametic isolation
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Gametes fuze to make a zygote but it is not viable
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Reduced Hybrid Viability
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Hybrid offspring are formed but they are sterile
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Reduced Hybrid Fertility
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Hybrid of 1st generation is fertile but other generations of hybred are inviable or infertile
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Hybrid breakdown
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One ancestor gives rise to many new species
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Adaptive radiation
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Small changes at a slow rate
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Gradualism
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Periods of little to no change followed by many chagnes in a short time
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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4 eras of earth
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Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic
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A way of compairing fossils to each other based on where they occur in rock layers
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Ralative Method
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Detrmine age by measuring levels of certain radio isotopes
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Radiometric Dating
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The time needed for half of an isotope to decay
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Halflife
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Which layers of the earth are solid?
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Crust and top of mantle
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Solid plates of crust and upper mantle move on lower fluid mantle
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Plate tectonics
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Mass extinctions are followed by ______
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Adaptive radiation
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