Biology Semester 2- Unit 2 Test

Front 1

Why is ammonia, which is produced in the body, not useful?

Back 1

Its a very toxic compound that is caused by the breaking down of nitrogenous molecules

Front 2

What is osmolarity?

Back 2

The total solute concentration expressed as molarity, or moles of solute per liter of solution

Front 3

What is the osmolarity of human blood?

Back 3

300 mOsm/L

Front 4

What is the osmolarity of seawater?

Back 4

1,000 mOsm/L

Front 5

How do osmoregulators survive in hypoosomotic and hypersomotic environments?

Back 5

They must discharge excess water

Front 6

Using Greek definitions explain how organisms tolerate changes in osmolarity

Back 6

animals that can not tolerate substantial changes in osmolarity which are said to be heserohilne (sles-narval and holes-sat) animals that survive in large flunctions in osmolaorty are eurhayge (eurys-brocos) THIS IS MOST LIKELY NOT RIGHT- I COULD NOT READ MY OWN HANDWRITING- REFER TO RG 44 #10

Front 7

What kind of environment is the ocean?

Back 7

strongly dehydrating

Front 8

What is desiccation?

Back 8

extreme dehydration

Front 9

What does the word anhydrobiosis mean?

Back 9

life without water

Front 10

What is urea?

Back 10

A soluble nitrogenous waste produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide

Front 11

What is uric acid? Who secretes it?

Back 11

A product of protein and purine metabolism and the major nitrogenous waste product of insects,land snails,and many reptiles. Uric acid is relatively nontoxic and insoluble.

Front 12

What are protonephridia?

Back 12

An excretory system, such as the flame bulb system of flatworms, consisting of a network of tubules lacking interval openings.

Front 13

What are metanephridia?

Back 13

Excretory organs that open intemarly to the coetom

Front 14

The kidneys account for less than_____of human body mass

Back 14

1%

Front 15

The kidneys receive roughly _____ of the blood exiting the heart

Back 15

25%

Front 16

Label the mammalian excretory system

Back 16

Reference to RG 44 #43

Front 17

What is the job of the cloaca?

Back 17

Helps conserve fluid by reabsorbing some of the water present in urine and feces

Front 18

Explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Back 18

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the surrounding fluid. This contrasts with exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, which have ducts that carry secreted substances onto body surfaces

Front 19

Know the difference types of signals

Back 19

Reference RG 45 #9

Front 20

What are pheromones and what is their function?

Back 20

They are chemicals that are released into the external environment their function is marking trails which leads to food, defining territories, or warning of predators

Front 21

What is the difference between water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones

Back 21

Lipid- diffuse out across the membranes of endocrine cells and transport proteins through blood stream

Water Soluble- are secreted by exocytisis and travel freely in the bloodstream and bind to cell surface signal receptors

Front 22

What is epinephrine? What gland secretes it? What is the result?

Back 22

What is it?- A catacholamine that when secreted as a hormone by the adernal medulla responses to short term stress

Secretion Gland?- Adrenal glands

Result?- The liver releases glycose into the bloodstream providing the fuel you need to chase the departing bus

Front 23

List the major human endocrine glands

Back 23

Reference RG 45 #21

Front 24

Explain the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus.

Back 24

Type I- is insulin dependent

Type II- is non-insulin dependent

Front 25

What is ecdysone?

Back 25

A steroid hormone, secreted by the prothoracic glands, that trigger molting in arthropods

Front 26

Definition and example of fission

Back 26

Definition- The separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximate equal size

Example- A sexual reproduction of a sea anemone

Front 27

Definition and example of budding

Back 27

Definition- When individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones

Example- Coral & Hydra

Front 28

Definition and example of fragmentation/regeneration

Back 28

Definition-

Fragmentation- breaking of the body into several pieces

Regeneration- regrowth of lost body parts

Example- Starfish

Front 29

Definition and example of Parthenogenesis

Back 29

Definition- A sexual reproduction where an egg develops without being fertilized

Example- Honey bees

Front 30

Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization

Back 30

External- female releases eggs in the environment and the male fertilizes them

Internal- Sperm are deposited in or near the female reproductive tract, and fertilization occurs within the tract

Front 31

What is spawning?

Back 31

When individuals are clustered in the same area release their gametes into the water at the same time

Front 32

Explain the difference between the number of offspring versus survivability for internal and external reproduction

Back 32

External- produce large numbers of gametes but the fraction of zygotes that survive is quite small

Internal- produces fever zygotes, provide greater protection of the embroyos and parental care of the young

Front 33

What is the cloaca?

Back 33

A structure that was probably also present in the ancestors of all vertebrates

Front 34

Label the female reproductive anatomy

Back 34

Reference RG 46 #26

Front 35

Label the male reproductive system

Back 35

Reference RG 46 #30

Front 36

Name the three accessory glands of the male reproductive system and explain the fluid produced by each gland

Back 36

1- Seminal Vesicles- contribute about 60% of the volume of semen. The fluid is thick,yellowish,and alkaline. It contains sugar fructose an enzyme that regulates

2- Prostate gland- fluid is thin,milky,and contains anticoagulant enzymes and citrate

3. Bulbourethral gland- before ejaculation, they secrete clear mucus that neutralizes any acidic urine remaining in the urethra. It also carries some sperm released before ejaculation

Front 37

Definition of menstruation

Back 37

The cyclic shedding of the endometrium from the uterus, which occurs in a flow through the cervix and vagina

Front 38

Definition of menstrual cycle

Back 38

Changes in the uterus

Front 39

Definition of uterine cycle

Back 39

another name for menstrual cycle

Front 40

Definition of ovarian cycle

Back 40

The cyclic events that occur in the ovaries

Front 41

What is endometriosis? What are the symptoms? What is the treatment?

Back 41

What is it?- A disorder in which some cells of the utenne lining migrate to an abdominal location that is abnormal

What are the symptoms?- Pelvic pain and bleeding in the abdomen

What is the treatment?- Hormonal therapy or surgery

Front 42

What is the estrous cycle? What is another name for it?

Back 42

In the absence of pregnancy the uterus reabsorbs the endometrium and no extensive fluid flow occurs. Its sometimes called heat, and indeed, the females body temperature increases slightly

Front 43

Know how to label the ovulation to implantation figure

Back 43

Reference RG 46 #48

Front 44

What is present in urine that is used to detect pregnancy in an early pregnancy test?

Back 44

levels of hcg in the maternal blood

Front 45

What is parturition?

Back 45

A series of strong, rhythmic uterine contractions during the 3 stages of labor that bring about birth