Biology Midterm Semester One

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Observation

Back 1

Anything that is detected with the one or more of the five senses. Sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch.

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Inference

Back 2

A guest as to why an event or natural phenomenon is occurring

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Hypothesis

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An educated guess to explain why and event or natural phenomenon is occurring

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Experiment

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A series of logical steps used to test a hypothesis

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Controlled experiment

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A series of logical steps to test a hypothesis as compared to a naturally occurring phenomenon or event

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Dependent variable

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Experimental data collected through observation and measurements (The results of an experiment)

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Independent variable

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Conditions or factor that is manipulated or changed by a scientist during an experiment

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Prokaryote ( bacteria)

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Do you not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelle's. Examples are golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

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Eukaryotes(plant and animal cells)

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Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes, golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes nucleus, cytoplasm, and vacuoles

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Plant cells

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Have a cell wall, central vacuoles and chloroplast

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Animal cells do not have a

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Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast

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Cell membrane

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A lipid bilayer which is a barrier to protect the inside of the cell from the outside environment. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.

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Cytoplasm

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I clear Jelly substance which includes everything in the cell except the nucleus

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Lysosomes

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Vesicles which contained a just of enzymes. Lysosomes removes waste from cell

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Ribosomes

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Makes proteins using coded instructions that come from the nucleus

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Vacuoles

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A vesicle which is used for storage of various materials

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Mitochondria

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Converts the chemical energy stored in food into energy compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. For example energy compound ATP

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Flagella

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A long hair like structure used for movement

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Golgi apparatus

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Stacks of flat membrane enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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Interconnected network of then folded membranes are produced, process and distribute proteins

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Nucleus

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Structure contains the cells genetic material DNA and controls many of the cells activities

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Nucleolus

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An area in the nucleus the produce RNA

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Cell wall

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A rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape and a plant, algae, fungi, and bacteria cells

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Central vacuoles

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A large membrane bound space in which water, waste products, and nutrients are stored

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Chloroplast

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A plant organelle where photosynthesis takes place

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Polar molecule

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Partially negative charge end in a partially positive charged end

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Osmosis

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The process of water passing freely through a semi permeable membrane

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Diffusion

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The spontaneous migration or movement of substances from regions where the connection is high to regions where the connection is low

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Passive transport

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The movement of a substance without the use of energy

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Active transport

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The need to use energy to move a substance

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Hypotonic solution

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Has a lower concentration of dissolved particles when compared to another solution

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Isotonic solution

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Has an equal concentration of dissolved particles one computer to another solution

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Hypertonic solution

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Has a higher concentration of dissolved particles one compared to another solution

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What are the four major types of biological macromolecules

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Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid

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ATP

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The basic source of energy for cells

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Aerobic

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Chemical reactions that occur with oxygen

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Anaerobics

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Chemical reactions that occur without oxygen

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Mitosis

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Nuclear division that produces two daughter cells with identical DNA

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Prophase

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Chromosomes form short sick rods become visible and prepare to divide

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Metaphase

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Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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Telophase

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Two nuclei form as the cell begin to form two separate cells

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Anaphase

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The half of the chromosomes are pulled away from the other half to opposite sides of the cell

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Cytokinesis

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Division of the cytoplasm it is not part of mitosis

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Meiosis

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Nuclear division that produces for daughter cells with varied DNA

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Haploid

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Half of a set of chromosomes, gametes, zygotes

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Crossing over

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Is the exchange of genetic information between two homologous chromosomes. This process results in greater genetic diversity

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Mendel

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The father of genetics who stated that organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each Parent

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Asexual reproduction

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Does not produce genetic diversity single-parent self pollination

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Sexual reproduction

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Produces greater genetic diversity both parents contribute chromosomes

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Homozygous

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Two alleles which contains the same information

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