Biology Lab Final

Front 1

pharynx

Back 1

shared passageway for food and air; composed of skeletal muscle

Front 2

epiglottis

Back 2

elastic cartilage at the back of the throat that covers the opening of the larynx during swallowing, allowing food to pads through the esophagus

Front 3

larynx

Back 3

connects the pharynx to the trachea and protects the vocal cords with cartilage

Front 4

trachea

Back 4

flexible tube anterior (in front of) to the esophagus; contains smooth muscle that contracts during swallowing; divide to form the primary bronchi

Front 5

bronchi

Back 5

primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, and tertiary bronchi, composed of cartilage, invade the lungs; branch into bronchioles (lack cartilage)

Front 6

right lung

Back 6

shorter, broader, is divided into three lobes, and has a greater volume than the left lung

Front 7

left lung

Back 7

longer and narrower than right lung and is composed of two lobes, each lobe of the lungs is supplied by one of the secondary bronchi

Front 8

diaphragm

Back 8

principal muscle used in respiration. relaxed and dome-shaped during exhalation. During inhalation the diaphragm contracts, pulling downward, and with the contraction of the chest muscles allows the chest cavity to expand. Any interference with its free movement seriously interferes with the function of the lungs

Front 9

alveoli

Back 9

tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs (carbon dioxide with oxygen)

Front 10

capillary bed

Back 10

a layer of tissue densely packed with capillaries, where gas exchange occurs

Front 11

squamous epithelial tissue

Back 11

makes up the lung alveoli, functions in diffusion and filtration

Front 12

peak flow

Back 12

measures maximum ability to expel air form lungs

Front 13

vital capacity

Back 13

the maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent and then expiring to the maximum extent.
Formula: inspiratory reserve volume + tidal volume + expiratory reserve volume

Front 14

sclera

Back 14

white of the eye, covers the posterior and lateral surfaces of the eye and function in support and protection and as attachment points for the external muscles of the eye.

Front 15

cornea

Back 15

covers the anterior surface of the eyes, is transparent, and focuses light entering the eye

Front 16

choroid

Back 16

contains pigment to prevent light scattering, the ciliary process whose muscles control the lens

Front 17

retina

Back 17

consists of photoreceptor cells and neurons

Front 18

aqueous humor

Back 18

functions to nourish the lens and the cornea and an inferior chamber filled with vitreous humor

Front 19

vitreous humor

Back 19

provides structure and shape to they eye

Front 20

iris

Back 20

specialized muscle that gives the eye its color and regulate the amount of light entering the pupil

Front 21

pupil

Back 21

an adjustable hole in the center of the iris

Front 22

lens

Back 22

flexible structure that functions to focus light

Front 23

myopia

Back 23

nearsightedness- image is focused in front of the retina, eyeball is too long

Front 24

hyperopia

Back 24

farsightedness- focused behind the retina, eyeball too short

Front 25

astigmatism

Back 25

uneven curvature in the surface of the cornea or lens, blurry vision

Front 26

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Back 26

partition separating the outer ear from the middle ear

Front 27

middle ear

Back 27

air-filled cavity spanned by three tiny bones (ossicles): malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), Stapes (stirrups)

Front 28

inner ear

Back 28

cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibule

Front 29

cochlea

Back 29

contains sensory receptors for hearing, coiled snail-like structure that house the organ of Corti

Front 30

semicircular canals and vestibule

Back 30

contain sensory receptors for balance

Front 31

Organ of Corti

Back 31

the sensory receptor for hearing, the hairs detect sound vibrations and convert them to nerve impulses

Front 32

mucous membranes

Back 32

in the nose dissolve airborne chemicals in mucus

Front 33

olfactory epithelium

Back 33

consists of the olfactory receptor neurons, supporting cells that secrete mucus used to dissolve odor molecules, and the basal cells that replace dead olfactory receptor neurons

Front 34

saliva

Back 34

produced by salivary glands, functions to moisten food for ease of swallowing, produces the enzyme amylase and inhibits bacterial growth through the action of lysozymes

Front 35

esophagus

Back 35

transports foods from mouth to stomach via peristaltic smooth muscle contractions

Front 36

stomach

Back 36

transports food to the small intestine

Front 37

pepsin

Back 37

an enzyme responsible for the partial digestion of proteins and hydrochloric acid, which lowers stomach pH killing bacteria that enter with ingested food

Front 38

chyme

Back 38

creamy mass that releases into the small intestine

Front 39

small intestine

Back 39

majority of food digestion and the absorption of nutrients

Front 40

large intestine

Back 40

reabsorption of water and the elimination of waste material and produces nutrients such as vitamin K, various B vitamins, & folic acid.

Front 41

renin

Back 41

hormone that helps regulate and maintain sodium and potassium concentrations in the body

Front 42

calcitrol

Back 42

helps regulate calcium levels and is the active form of vitamin D in the body

Front 43

erythropoietin

Back 43

glycoprotein that is released when cells in the kidney recognize that oxygen levels are too low

Front 44

dialysis

Back 44

nutrients and waste products are removed from the blood