Biology Lab Final

Front 1

Reduces the energy of activation needed to start the reaction

Back 1

How does enzyme act as a biological catalyst?

Front 2

Degradation

Back 2

Substrate is broken down by enzyme-substrate complex

Front 3

Synthesis

Back 3

Substrate is combined by enzyme substrate complex

Front 4

Enzyme: Catechol Oxidase (From Potatoes)

Substrate: Catechol (Colorless)

Product: Benzoquinone (Brown Color)

Back 4

What is the enzyme, substrate and product of our enzyme lab?

Front 5

Colorimeter

Back 5

Consists of an LED light source and light detector; light passes through cuvettes containing samples and remaining light is transmitted and strikes detector.

Converts transmittance value to absorbance value to measure the amount of light absorbed by product molecules in the cuvette.

Front 6

Absorbance Value

Back 6

What value is directly proportional to product concentration?

Front 7

Reaction Rate

Back 7

Steepness or slope of the graph line represents what?

Front 8

Direct Linear

Back 8

Reaction Rate vs. Enzyme Concentration Graph has what shape?

Front 9

Bell Curve

Back 9

Reaction Rate vs. pH of Buffer graph has what shape?

Front 10

Specific

Back 10

Enzymes are ____________ and speed only one type of reaction.

Front 11

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + solar energy => C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Back 11

Equation for Photosynthesis

Front 12

Chromatography

Back 12

Technique used to separate the pigments located in leaves on the basis of their solubility in particular solvents.

Solution may not touch pigment spot on paper.

Front 13

More

Longer

Back 13

Chromatography solvents are nonpolar, so the more nonpolar a pigment, the (more/less) soluble it is and the (longer/shorter) the distance it goes up the chromatography paper.

Front 14

Chlorophyll b (Green)

Chlorophyll a (Blue)

Xanthophylls (Orange - Caretenoid)

Carotenes (Yellow - Caretenoid)

Back 14

What is the order of pigments from least to most soluble?

Front 15

Cellular Respiration

Back 15

Source of Carbon Dioxide for Elodea during the "role of light" experiment

Front 16

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration producing O2 and CO2 and using up CO2 and H2O

Back 16

During white and green light, what makes the volumeter tube liquid move?

Front 17

Cellular Respiration producing CO2 and using O2

Back 17

When the Elodea leaf is covered in aluminum foil, what makes the volumeter tube liquid move?

Front 18

Contains all the colors of light

Back 18

Why is white light best for photosynthesis?

Front 19

So more spectrums of light can be absorbed

Back 19

Why do leaves have several pigments?

Front 20

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Back 20

Where does photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in leaf?

Front 21

CO2 combined with water to form carbonic acid, Phenol red turns yellow in an acid and red in a base

Back 21

Why does phenol red indicator turn yellow when breathed onto?

Front 22

With photosynthesis, CO2 becomes glucose.

With cellular respiration, Glucose becomes CO2.

Back 22

Carbon Cycle two steps.

Front 23

6 O2 + C6H12O6 => 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

Back 23

Cellular Respiration Equation

Front 24

Aerobic

Back 24

What pathway creates more ATP, is slower, and needs oxygen? Aerobic or Anaerobic?

Front 25

Converts the CO2 given off from cellular respiration to a solid.

Back 25

What is the role of KOH used in the respirometers?

Front 26

To create the same volume in the tube in order to measure the volume of gas

Back 26

What is the role of the glass beads?

Front 27

Distance the marker dropped from the initial reading

Back 27

How do you calculate the oxygen consumed during aerobic respiration?

Front 28

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

Interkinesis

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Cytokinesis

Back 28

Stages of Meiosis

Front 29

Prophase I

Back 29

Synapsis and crossing-over of the homologous chromosomes occur. Nuclear envelop disintegrated.

Front 30

Metaphase I

Back 30

Homologues align independently at metaphase plate.

Front 31

Anaphase I

Back 31

Homologous pairs separate, sister chromatids still attached at centromere.

Front 32

Telophase I

Back 32

Two daughter cells form with sister chromatids.

Front 33

Metaphase II

Back 33

Sister chromatids align at metaphase plate.

Front 34

Anaphase II

Back 34

Sister chromatids separate at centromere

Front 35

Telophase II

Back 35

4 daughter cells are formed, each with genetically unique chromosomes, and half the number of chromosomes than the parent.

Front 36

Divisions

Chromosome Number

Daughter Cells

Synapsis and Crossing Over

Genetically identical or different

Purpose: Regeneration and growth or gamete production

Back 36

6 Differences between Mitosis and Meiosis

Front 37

Hair

Rh factor

PTC tasting

Blood Type

Back 37

4 examples of Autosomal traits

Front 38

Color-blindness

Back 38

Example of sex linked trait

Front 39

Gene

Back 39

Specific region on a strand of DNA

Front 40

Diploid

Back 40

Contain two sets of genetic information

Front 41

Alleles

Back 41

Different versions of a gene

Front 42

Use the number of heterozygous traits as the exponent to 2

Back 42

How to calculate the number of possible gametes

Front 43

Multiply the possible gamete numbers by each other

Back 43

How many different children can you and your mate produce?

Front 44

Nucleotides

Back 44

Basic units (Monomers) of DNA

Front 45

Nucleotide Composition

Back 45

Deoxyribose sugar molecule

Phosphate molecule

Nitrogenous base

Front 46

Adenine

Thymine

Cytosine

Guanine

Back 46

4 Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

Front 47

Uracil

Back 47

Nitrogenous base found in RNA instead of Thymine

Front 48

Hydrogen Bonds

Back 48

How are the pairs of nitrogenous bases held together?

Front 49

DNA

Back 49

Blueprint for all of the proteins that a cell prduces

Front 50

RNA

Back 50

Helps the cell decode the stored information from its DNA and facilitates the production of protein molecules

Front 51

S Stage of Interphase in Nucleus

Back 51

When and where does DNA replication occur?

Front 52

DNA polymerase

Back 52

What is the enzyme responsible for assembling new complimentary DNA strands by bonding the proper complimentary nucleotides to the two existing DNA strands?

Front 53

Transcription

Back 53

To begin making a protein from a strand of DNA, first make a mRNA molecule from the DNA molecule (Occurs in nucleus)

Front 54

RNA polymerase

Back 54

- "Promoter"

- Portion of the DNA that starts transcription

Front 55

Template strand

Back 55

Only one strand of the DNA molecule that is actually transcribed to mRNA

Front 56

Codon

Back 56

Triplet of nucleotides in mRNA

Front 57

Translation

Back 57

To complete protein synthesis, conversion of mRNA (sequence of nucleotides) to a protein (a sequence of amino acids).

This occurs in the ribosome of the cytoplasm.

Front 58

Anti-codon

Back 58

Triplet of nucleotides on tRNA

Front 59

A site

P Site

E Site

Back 59

The 3 sites where translation occurs.

The last site is where everything is released.

Front 60

One helix is new, one helix is the old one.

Back 60

What is meant by semi-conservative replication?

Front 61

C - G

A - T or U

Back 61

How do the nucleotides pair?

Front 62

Go into cytoplasm to pick up another amino acid

Back 62

What becomes of the polypeptide strands which are made a result of translation?

Front 63

UUC - GCA - AUC - GGU - UAA

Back 63

AAGCGTTAGCCAATT strand of DNA produces mRNA strand of?

Front 64

AAG - CGU - UAG - CCA - AUU

Back 64

UUC - GCA - AUC - GGU - UAA strand of mRNA would produce tRNA strand of?

Front 65

Gel electrophoresis

Back 65

Technique used to separate the individual components of a mixture of molecules using an electrical current

Front 66

Agarose

Back 66

Gelatin like material where small sample of the molecular mixture to be separated is placed into

Front 67

Buffer

Back 67

Electrically conductive solution that stabilized the pH of the molecules to be separated and controls the amount of electrical current that passes through the chamber

Front 68

1. Molten agarose from waterbath is poured into gel casting tray
2. Insert well comb into gel casting tray to create pockets to hold dye samples
3. After about 20 minutes, gel will turn from clear to cloudy when it has solidified

Back 68

How to cast a gel?

Front 69

1. Use micropipet with micropipet tip to dispense 10 microliters of sample
2. Load sample into well and be careful to not push through bottom of well

Back 69

How to load samples into a gel?

Front 70

1. Remove well comb

2. Place tray into electrophoresis chamber with the wells toward the black terminal on the chamber (negative)

3. Fill chamber with TBE buffer and should cover top of gel by 2-3 millimeters

4. Load samples into lanes. Use fresh pipet for each sample.

Back 70

How to load electrophorese samples

Front 71

-

Back 71

What is the purpose of including the dye standards along with your unknown in the dye electrophoresis?

Front 72

-

Back 72

Know why the different dye molecules separated during the electrophoresis procedure

Front 73

-

Back 73

How to identify the components of an unknown dye with the results of an electrophoresis run?