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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose? |
Plants |
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What adaptations would green freshwater algae need to grow on land? |
Cuticle, tracheids, tissues, and develop the diploid generation as the dominant stage of life. |
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What is the specialized structure that sporophytes produce? |
Sporangium |
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Plants most likely evolved from what of the charophyte group? |
Freshwater green algae |
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What similarities do both plants and freshwater green algae share? |
Cellulose, chlorophylls A&B, store their excess carbs and starch, and both show alteration of generations |
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What is the biggest difference between plants and freshwater green algae? |
Plants not only protect of the zygote, they also protect and nourish the resulting embryo |
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What is alteration of generations? |
Two alternating life stages |
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What happens during the alternation of generations? |
A diploid sporophyte produces haploid spores, by meiosis, which grow in two haploid gametophytes that produce gametes which merge to form a diploid zygote and grows into the next diploid sporophyte generation |
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What happens in the sporangium? |
Meiosis happens and haploid spores are made |
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What do spores develop into? |
Gametophytes |
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Gametophytes produce what specialized structure? |
Gametangia |
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What does the male gametangia produce? |
Sperm |
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What does the female gametangia produce? |
Egg |
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What fuses to form a zygote? |
The male and female gametangia |
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What does a zygote grow into? |
The Sporophyte generation |
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What are bryophytes? |
Liverwort, hornwort, and mosses |
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What are lycophytes? |
Club mosses |
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What are pteridophytes? |
Horse tails, whisk Ferns, and ferns |
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What are seed plants? |
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms |
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What is the dominant generation in plants? |
Sporophyte |
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Gametophytes are tiny so they are dependent upon what? |
The sporophytes |
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What is contained inside the gymnosperms in the angiosperm? |
Gametophytes |
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What were the first plants to colonize the land? |
Bryophytes |
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Bra fights involved in what period? |
Ordovician |
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When was the ordovician period? |
488.3-443.7 MYA |
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Bryophytes have no true what? |
Roots, stems, or leaves |
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Are bryophytes vascular or nonvascular? |
Nonvascular |
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What does nonvascular mean? |
Having no vascular tissue |
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Bryophytes are often called what? |
Nonvascular plants |
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What is the dominant generation in bryophytes? |
Gametophyte |
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Antheridia, in bryophytes, produce what? |
Flagellated sperm |
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Archegonia, in bryophytes, produces what? |
Non motile eggs |
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The fact that bryophytes sperm is flagellated limits them to what? |
Moist habitats |
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What is sphagnum? |
Peat moss |
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Peat is used for what? |
Fueling, flavoring for Scotch whiskey, and holds moisture for plants during shipping |
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Bring Mouse liverworts are found mostly growing where? |
Spring mouths and other moist shady areas |
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Liverworts are mostly what? |
Leafy types but some are thallus types |
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What is thallus? |
A thin flattened body |
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Hornworts have a thin ballast with what growing up like horns from them? |
Sporophytes |
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Hornworts have a thin what? |
Thallus with sporophytes grow up like horns from them |
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Mosses are the largest group of nonvascular plants, how many species are contained in the moss group? |
More than 15,000 species, including Peat Moses , granite mosses, and true mosses. |
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The Sporophytes of the mosses grow out of the top of the what? |
Female gametophytes, right from their Archegonia. |
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What is unique about Moses sperm? |
They have flagellated sperm |
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Flagellated sperm require what? |
A moist or wet environment to swim in |
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Flagellated sperm swim over to the Archegonia from where? |
Male gametophytes' antheridia |
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Vascular tissue shows up what happens? |
Vascular land plants get really large |
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What are lycophytes? |
Club mosses "ground pines" |
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What period Did the lycophytes begin in? |
Cooksonia |
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Lycophytes were the earliest what? |
Vascular plants |
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Rhyniophytes flourished during what period? |
Silurian period |
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When was the Silurian period? |
Between 443.7 and 416 million years ago |
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What do Rhyniophytes look like nowadays? |
Extinct |
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What did Rhyniophytes use to look like? |
About 6.5 centimeters tall, had no leaves or roots, produce spores but not seeds, and the Sporophytes generation was dominant |
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First actual lycophytes look like? |
Leaves and roots , but the leaves were microphylls, with only one strand of vascular tissue |
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How many lycophytes, commonly known as Club mosses, species are there today? |
1,200 species |
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Lycophytes produce a club like strobilus, which means what in English? |
Pine cone |
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In lycophytes, strobili produce what? |
Sporangia |
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Sporangia, in lycophytes, produce what? |
Haploid spores |
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The aerial stems of lycophytes grow up word from what? |
A rhizome or under the stem |
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Some vascular plants produce spores that all grow into one kind gametophyte, they are called what? |
Homeosporous |
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Other vascular plants produce two types of spores, they are called what? |
Heterosporous |
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The two types of spores are called what? |
Microspores |
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Microspores grow into what? |
Male gametophyte and megaspores |
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Male gametophyte and megaspores grow into what? |
Female gametophyte |
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When did the plants evolve from freshwater green algae? |
590 million years ago |
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About how many existing species of plants are there estimated to be? |
422,000 |
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How many species of Ginkgo are there? |
1 |
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What are autotrophs? |
Organisms that synthesize their own food |
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How do plants synthesize their food? |
Photosynthesis |
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Besides sugars what else is produced by photosynthesis? |
Plant growth which we can consume |
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How many years ago did plants first colonize on land? |
488.3 - 443.7 million years ago |
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During what geological period did the first land plants colonize? |
Ordovician |
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What group of protists are the closest relatives of plants? |
Algae |
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What are the four main groups of plants? |
Archaea, bacteria, protist, Eukarya |
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Why are most leaves flat and Broad? |
To be able to soak up more sunlight |
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Why do dry habitats plants have thick cuticle? |
To retain water and protect themselves from the Sun |
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What is a stoma? |
Small openings between two guard cells on the underside of a leaf epidermis through which gases pass |
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What is the plural term for stoma? |
Stomata |
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Can we still not open and close? |
Yes |
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What two types of plants exist? |
Vascular and nonvascular |
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What is vascular tissue? |
Transport tissue in Plants consisting of xylem and phloem |
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What does xylem do? |
Carries water throughout the plants |
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What does phloem do? |
Carry nutrients throughout the plant |
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What is lignin? |
A complex polymer strengthens cell walls of xylem |
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During alteration of generation, which generation is diploid? |
Sporophyte |
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During the alteration of generation, which generation is haploid? |
Gametophyte |
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Do people go through alteration of generation? |
No not typically |
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When a diploid sporophyte makes haploid spores, what kind of cell division must it do to make this happen? |
Meiosis |
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For seed plants, the entire body of the male gametophyte is called what? |
Pollen grain |
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Which two groups of plants produce seeds? |
gymnosperms and angiosperms |
