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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What occurs during each part of Interphase? |
G(1): growth phase S: DNA replication G(2): preparation for division |
*Three parts |
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Why is Meiosis important? |
Replaced damaged cells and it forms parts for the organism (growth, repair, and reproduction) |
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Define Apoptosis |
It is programmed cell death. |
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Describe the chromosomes found in a daughter cell after Mitosis |
They relax and decondense into their original form (telophase). They are identical to the parents (same number or chromosomes) |
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What is Cytokinesis? |
It is the division of the cytoplasm at the end of mitosis |
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What are the differences between animal and plant Cytokinesis? |
In plants, a new structure called a cell plate forms between the daughter nuclei. Animals do not for a cell plate, but divide the cytoplasm. |
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What are stem cells? |
They are unspecialized cells with no specific function or structure |
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List the benefits and drawback of stem cell research. |
It can cure many diseases like cancer or Alzheimer’s. In embryonic research, the human embryo is destroyed raising ethical concerns. |
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What do the Cyclin/CDK combinations do for the cell? |
They monitor the cell cycle to see if everything is running smoothly. |
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What factors limit cell size? |
Surface area to volume ratio, cell transport, and cellular communication. |
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What are the main things that occur to the cell during the cell cycle? |
The cell grows and divides. |
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How do prokaryotes reproduce? |
Binary fission. |
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What stops the cell if something goes wrong? |
Cell checkpoints. |
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Name and describe the different phases of mitosis. |
Prophase: Nuclear membrane disappears and chromatin condensed into chromosomes. The spindle apparatus starts to form. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along equator of the spindle Anaphase: The spindle pulls chromatids apart towards opposite poles Telophase: Chromatids go to opposite poles. Nuclear membrane starts to form. Cromatids relax. |
Four phases |
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Define cancer and what causes it? |
It is the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. Cancer is caused by carcinogens and certain environmental factors. |
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How does cancer after an organism? |
It rapidly divides and spreads throughout the body (bloodstream). It also deprived the healthy cells of nutrients, killing them. |
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What are carcinogens? Name a few. |
They are substances and agents that are known to cause cancer. i.e. tobacco, UV rays, X-rays, and other forms of radiation. |
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How does your deal with most cancerous cells? |
Apoptosis can kill them off and certain repair systems can repair them. Apoptosis will kill the cancerous as well as the healthy cells. |
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What is crossing over and how does it occur? |
Crossing over is where chromosomal segments are exchanged between homologous chromosomes producing new combinations of genetic information. It occurs in Metaphase I. |
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Define the end products of Meiosis I and Meiosis II. |
Meiosis I: Two haploid cells (gametes) Meiosis II: Four haploid cells |
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What is fertilization? |
It is the process by which one haploid gamete combines with another gamete. *The diffusion of two haploid cells making a diploid cell. |
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How does Meiosis affect genetic variation in a species? |
It affects it by giving each new haploid cell a set of unique genetic information. Crossing over increases variation. |
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What are the cellular control checkpoints and what stage does each one control? |
They make sure everything is running smoothly and they are made of different cyclin/CDK combinations. G(1): Signals start of interphase S: Signals chromosome division G(2): Signals protein synthesis Mitosis: Signals start of Mitosis |
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