7.1 Cell Cycle

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The continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells, or

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Cell division

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Multicellular organisms depend on cell division for

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-Development from a fertilized cell

-Growth

-Repair

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The life of a cell from formation to its own division

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Cell cycle

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All the DNA in a cell constitutes the cell's

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Genome

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DNA molecules in a cell are packaged into

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Chromosomes

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A complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division

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Chromatin

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The non-reproductive cells that have two sets of chromosomes

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Somatic cells

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The reproductive cells that have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells

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Gametes

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Packaged and organized into chromatin

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Chromosome

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Joined copies of the original chromosome

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Sister chromatids

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The narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached

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Centromere

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A phase of the cell cycle when no cell division occures

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Interphase

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The cell creates organelles and begins metabolism

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G1 (Growth 1)

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DNA replication happens, chromosomes are copied

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S phase (synthesis)

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Cell grows in preparation for cell division

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G2 (growth 2)

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Cells are alive and metabolically active, but do not divide

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G0

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Three examples of cells in G0 phase

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Heart muscle, eyes, brain

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A critical point in the cell cycle where 'stop' and 'go-ahead'signals can regulate the cell cyle

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Checkpoint

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For many cells, the most important checkpoint is

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G1 checkpoint

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Ensures that the cell is large enough to divide and that enough nutrients are available to support the resulting daughter cells

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G1 checkpoint

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If the cell does not receive the 'go ahead' signal, it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing state called

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G0 phase

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Ensures that DNA replication in S phase has been successfully completed

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G2 checkpoint

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Ensures that all of the chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle by a kinetochore

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Metaphase checkpoint

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Two types of proteins involved in cell cycle control

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Cyclins and Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

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Their activity fluctuates during the cell cycle because it is controlled by cyclins, so named because their concentrations vary with the cell cycle

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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

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A cyclin-CDK complex that triggers a cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

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Maturation-promoting Factor (MPF)

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A protein which activates or deactivates another protein by phosphorylating them

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Kinases

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Give the 'go-ahead' signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints

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Kinases

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The activating molecule for kinases

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Cyclin

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A protein that derives its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

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Cyclin

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Accumulate during the G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle

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Cyclins

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Aggregations of CDK and cyclin which initiate mitosis

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Maturation-promoting Factor (MPF)

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Formed by the G2 checkpoint when enough cyclin is available

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Maturation-promoting Factor (MPF)

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Functions by phosphorylating key proteins in the mitotic sequence

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Maturation-promoting Factor (MPF)

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Later in mitosis, this switches otself off by initiating a process which leads to the destruction of cyclin

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Maturation-promoting Factor (MPF)

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Persist as an inactive form until it associates with new cyclin molecules synthesized during the interphase of the next round of the cell cycle

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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK)

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Do not respond normally to the body's control mechanisms

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Cancer cells

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A normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell by a process called

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Transformation

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Masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue

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Tumor

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If abnormal cells remain only at the original site, the lump is called

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Benign tumor

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Invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize where they may form additional tumors

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Malignant tumor

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Exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body

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Metastasis