Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Define Homeostasis
|
Internal balance, as change occurs in the environment around an animal
|
|
|
How many chromosones does a human egg contain ?
|
23
|
|
|
How many chromosomes does a human sperm contain ?
|
23
|
|
|
The smallest unit of life is
|
A cell
|
|
|
A cell is composed of what and in which order ?
|
Chromosones - DNA - Genes
|
|
|
DNA stands for ?
|
deoxyribonucleic acid
|
|
|
At conception how may chromosomes does a human cell contain?
|
46
|
|
|
What is recombinant DNA?
|
DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from diffirent organisms.
|
|
|
A human digestive system is comprised of?
|
stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas.
|
|
|
What is an integumentary system and what does it do ?
|
Made up of skin and is the first line defense against infection.
|
|
|
Our immune system is comprised of?
|
thymus, spleen and lymph nodes
|
|
|
Our nervous system is comprised of ?
|
brain, spinal cord and nerves
|
|
|
What is the function of the endocrine system and of what is it composed?
|
Produces hormones that control your body functions. Consists of your glands.
|
|
|
An individual living thing is called an?
|
Organism.
|
|
|
What are the eight characteristics that define life?
|
They contain DNA
They maintain internal order They regulate their systems (homeostasis). They respond to environmental signals. They transfer energy They grow and develop They reproduce They have traits that evolved over time (bollocks)! |
|
|
What is discovery science?
|
Seeking out and observing living things.
|
|
|
Define hypothesis-based science
|
Testing scientific understanding through experimentation.
|
|
|
What are the 6 key components of the scientific method?
|
(1) First, make observations and come up with the questions.
(2) Then, form a hypothesis (3) Next, make predictions and design experiments to test the idea(s). (4) Test the idea(s) through experimention. (5) Then make conclusions about the findings. (6) Communicate conclusion(s) with other scientists. |
|
|
One important point about a scientific hypothesis is that it must be .....
|
testable or falsifiable.
|
|
|
What is a experimental variable?
|
The factor you want to test (also called an independent variable).
|
|
|
What is a responding variable?
|
The factor you measure (also called a dependent variable).
|
|
|
What is a controlled variable?
|
Any factor you want to remain the same between treatments in your experiment.
|
|
|
What do acid molecules tend to do when added to water?
|
Release hydrogen ions (H+).
|
|
|
In a nutshell, what is an acid.
|
A proton donator.
eg. it will give up an H+ ion in a reaction. HCl+H2O => H30 + Cl- in the above reaction the acid (HCl) donated the proton (H+) to the H2O |
|
|
In a nutshell, what is a base?
|
a base is a proton acceptor
eg. it will accept an H+ ion in a reaction NaOH + H2O => OH- + Na+ in the above reaction the base (NaOH) accepter the proton (H+) from the H2O |
|
|
What does the term pH represent?
|
The hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.
|
|
|
What number is neutral on the ph scale.
|
7
|
|
|
The pH scale goes from 1 to?
|
14
|
|
|
What is the pH of a solution when the hydrogen and hydroxide ions are equal?
|
7
|
|
|
If a molecule releases hydrogen into water it's an?
|
Acid.
|
|
|
The lower the pH the _________ the acid
|
Stronger.
|
|
|
A solution that contains more __________ ions then __________
ions is basic and its pH is ______ than 7 |
Hydroxide. Hydrogen. Higher. 7.
|
|
|
Bases break apart or ____________ into ___________ ions (OH-) and a positive ion
|
dissociate. Hydroxide.
|
|
|
A solution that contains more _______ ions then _________ ions is acidic and its pH is less than __
|
Hydrogen. Hydroxide. 7.
|
|
|
What is cytoplasm?
|
Cytoplasm is a thick liquid residing between the cell membrane holding all the cell's internal sub-structures (called organelles), except for the nucleus.
|
|
|
In organisms what solutions are the required ions (e.g. electrolytes) floating in?
|
The blood or cytoplasm.
|
|
|
What is the pH of most substances in the body?
|
7
|
|
|
How do buffers in the human body keep solutions at a steady pH?
|
By combining with excess hydrogen (H+) or hydroxide (OH-) ions.
|
|
|
What are the most common buffers in the human body
|
(HCO3-) Bicarbonate ion and (H2CO3) Carbonic acid.
|
|
|
What ion carries CO2 through the bloodstream to the lungs to be exhaled.
|
(HCO3-) Bicarbonate.
|
|
|
How do bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) prevent the pH of the blood from getting to low?
|
By taking up extra Hydrogen ions and forming carbonic acid (H2CO3).
|
|
|
Which buffer does the body employ when the the bloods pH gets to high and how does this buffer lower it?
|
Carbonic acid (HC203) which breaks apart to release hydrogen irons.
|
|
|
Which buffer does the body employ when the bloods pH gets to low and how does this buffer raise it?
|
Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) which takes up extra hydrogen ions by forming carbonic acid.
|
|
|
If the blood becomes to acidic what is this condition called?
|
acidosis
|
|
|
If the pH of the blood get to high, what is this condition called?
|
alkalosis.
|
|
|
Which atom is the central focus of organic chemistry?
|
C
|
|
|
What is the bond called when carbon bonds to hydrogen.
|
A covalent bond.
|
|
|
What do hydrogen and carbon share when they form a covalent bond?
|
A pair of electrons.
|
|
|
Molecules with lots of carbon-hydrogen bonds are called?
|
Hydrocarbons.
|
|
|
Define a hydrocarbon.
|
A molecule with lots of carbon-hydrogen bonds.
|
|
|
What elements are often joined to carbon in organisms?
|
H, S, O
|
|
|
Where do organisms get their carbon containing molecules?
|
From their food.
|
|
|
Carbon atoms are central to all organisms because they are found on (name 4).
|
Carbohydrate, proteins, nucleic acids and lipids.
|
|
|
What elements do carbohydrates contain?
|
C, H, O
|
|
|
What is the basic formula for a carbohydrate?
|
CH20
|
|
|
What is the glucose formula?
|
C6H12O6
|
|
|
C6H1206 is?
|
Glucose
|
|
|
The basic formula for a carbohydrate contains what atoms and in what number?
|
1 carbon 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atom.
|
|
|
Simple sugars consisting of three to seven carbon atoms are?
|
Monosaccharides.
|
|
|
The most common monosaccharide is?
|
Glucose.
|
|
|
Two monosaccharides molecules joined together form a?
|
Diasaccharide.
|
|
|
Name some common disaccharides.
|
Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose (sugar found in milk).
|
|
|
More than two but just a few monosaccharides joined to gether are an?
|
Oligosaccharide.
|
|
|
What blood group does not have oligosaccharide markers on the outside of their cells?
|
o
|
|
|
Long chains of monosaccharide molecules linked together form a?
|
Polysaccharide
|
|
|
Name two polysaccharides.
|
Glycogen & and starch.
|
|
|
Name 5 sugars.
|
Glucose, fructose, ribose, sucrose, and maltose.
|
|
|
Give a definition of a sugar.
|
A carbohydrate that dissolves in water, tastes sweet, and can form crystals.
|
|
|
What is the process called when monosaccharides join together?
|
Dehydration synthesis, which involves two molecules bonding and losing a water molecule.
|
|
|
In the term hydrolysis, hydro means _______ and lysis means _________?
|
Water, break apart.
|
|
|
Nucleic acids are composed of units called?
|
nucleotides
|
|
|
Each nucleotide contains?
|
a base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
|
|
|
What does hydrolysis do to a sugar molecule?
|
Breaks it down into its original monosaccharides.
|
|
|
What happens to sucrose when it is added to water?
|
It splits apart into glucose and fructose.
|
|
|
What happens to food when you digest it?
|
It breaks down into small sugars such as glucose.
|
|
|
In what form are sugars stored in organisms so they can be quickly broken down into glucose?
|
Polysaccharides.
|
|
|
Animals and people store polysaccharide of glucose called?
|
Glycogen.
|
|
|
In which human organ is a large reserve of glycogen stored?
|
The liver.
|
|
|
Plants store glucose as the polysaccharide ?
|
Starch.
|
|
|
What are the foundation of all proteins and how many are there?
|
Amino acids. 20
|
|
|
How are amino acids joined together in polypetide chains?
|
By genetic information in cells.
|
|
|
By what process are amino acids linked together?
|
Dehydration synthesis.
|
|
|
Proteins are amino acids joined together by _________ bonds.
|
Peptide.
|
|
|
Specific proteins are created based on the order of ________ _______ connected together.
|
Amino acids.
|
|
|
One or more polypeptides come together to form _______ _______.
|
Functional proteins.
|
|
|
Enzymes are proteins that speed up the rate of ________ _________
|
Chemical reactions.
|
|
|
What is the most abundant structural protein found in animals with a back bone?
|
Collagen.
|
|
|
Substances that contain 2 or more elements are called?
|
Compounds.
|
|
|
There are _____ naturally occurring elements
|
92
|
|
|
The following elements make up 96% of the body weight of organisms
|
Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
|
|
|
Most of an atom is?
|
Empty space.
|
|
|
The different energy levels are also called electron shells. The first shell is the?
|
K shell.
|
|
|
Electrons in the K shell have the most or least energy?
|
Least.
|
|
|
The maximum number of electrons in each shell is given by the formula?
|
2N^2 where N is the shell number. From this formula, the maximum number in each shell is 2, 8, 18, 32, etc. .
|
|
|
The maximum number of electrons in the last (outer) shell is?
|
8
|
|
|
Pairs of electrons occupy spaces called?
|
Orbitals.
|
|
|
An orbital can hold _ electrons?
|
2
|
|
|
With few exceptions (e.g., deoxyribose), monosaccharides have the chemical formula Cx(H2O)y where x = at least?
|
3
|
|
|
Transport proteins move material around the cells and through the body. Name one.
|
Hemoglobin.
|
|
|
Hemoglobin is a ___________ protein.
|
transport.
|
|
|
How is a hemoglobin molecule shaped?
|
Like a three dimensional four leaf clover without the stem.
|
|
|
Hemoglobin. Each of the clover like leaves is a seperate?
|
Polypeptide chain.
|
|
|
Hemoglobin. Each of the clover like leaves is a separate polypeptide chain. In the center of the clover, but touching each polypeptide chain is _________
|
Heme group
|
|
|
Hemoglobin. Each of the clover like leaves is a separate polypeptide chain. In the center of the clover, but touching each polypeptide chain is a heme group with an atom of _______ at its center.
|
Fe
|
|
|
When gas exchanges occurs between the lungs and a blood cell, an _______ _________ attaches to the oxygen.
|
Fe atom.
|
|
|
When gas exchanges occurs between the lungs and a blood cell, the iron atom attaches to the oxygen. Then, the iron-oxygen complex releases from the ___________ molecule in the red blood cell
|
Hemoglobin
|
|
|
When gas exchanges occurs between the lungs and a blood cell, the iron atom attaches to the oxygen. Then, the iron-oxygen complex releases from the hemoglobin molecule in the red blood cell so the __________ can cross ____ _____________ and get inside the cell of the body.
|
Oxygen. Cell membranes.
|
|
|
Nucleic acids are made up of strands of___________
|
Nucleotides.
|
|
|
Nucleotides carry a nitrogen base called?
|
A nitrogenous base.
|
|
|
Nucleotides carry a sugar that contains how many carbon molecules?
|
5
|
|
|
Nucleotides carry a sugar, a nitrogen base and a?
|
phosphate.
|
|
|
There are two types of nucleic acid, what are they called?
|
Deoxyribonucleic acid & Ribonucleic acid.
|
|
|
DNA often referred to as the double?
|
Helix.
|
|
|
Why is DNA sometimes called a double helix?
|
Because DNA contains two strands of nucleotides arranged in a way that makes it look like a twisted ladder.
|
|
|
What is the name of the sugar in DNA?
|
Deoxyribose.
|
|
|
What are the rungs on the DNA ladder composed of?
|
Pairs of nitrogenous form the two strands.
|
|
|
One of the nitrogenous bases that DNA builds its double helix upon is (A)
|
adenine
|
|
|
One of the nitrogenous bases that DNA builds its double helix upon is (G)
|
guanine
|
|
|
One of the nitrogenous bases that DNA builds its double helix upon is (c)
|
cytosine
|
|
|
One of the nitrogenous bases that DNA builds its double helix upon is (T)
|
thymine
|
