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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an element?
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a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances
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What is an atom
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simplest particle of an element
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More than 90% of you is made up of
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CHON
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The nucleus of an atom contains
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protons and neutrons
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move around the nucleus in different energy levels
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electrons
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the atomic number of an elements equals the number of
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protons
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subatomic particle with a positive charge
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proton
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subatomic particle with a negative chrge
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electron
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neutral subatomic particle
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neutrons
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the first energy level holds a mx of
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2
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the 2nd energy level contains a max of
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8
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the third level contains a max of
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8
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what does it mean when we say that an atom is "happy"
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ITS STABLE
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The three ways to fill an outer energy level
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gain electrons
lose electrons share electrons (covalent) |
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compound
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substance made of two or more elemtns combined in a fixed ratio
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an example of a compount
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H20
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can you combine two gases and make a liquid
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water hydron+oxygen
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molecule
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a chemical structure composed of one or more atoms combined together
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how are a compound and a molecule diff
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compound has two or more elements. molecules contain only one because they are composed of atoms put together
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covalent bond
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when electrons are shared among the atoms
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ex of a covalent bond
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H20
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ion
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charged atom
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ionic bond
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electrons are gained or lost. opposites attract. ions are formed
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ex of ionic bond
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Na (+) Cl (-)
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Energy
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the ability to do work
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four types of energy in living systms
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chemical, thermal, electrical, mechanical
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free energy
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the energy in a system available for work
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T or F: atoms are in constant motion
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T
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exergonic reaction
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net release of free energy (more is released than absorbed... energy out)
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endergonic reaction
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net absorption of free energy (more energy in than out)
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are most chem reactions endergoic or exergonic
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yes?
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What type of reaction transfers energy in living things
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?
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What 4 carbon based molecules are considered lifes polymers
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proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
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define a simple sugar
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the simplest form of a carbohydrate containing 5 or 6 carbon atoms
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example of a simple sugar
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fructose
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how many sugars in a disaccharide
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2
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what do we call a polymer of monosaccharides
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polysaccarides
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what polysaccharide do plants use to store energy
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starches
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what polysaccharide do animals use to store energy
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glycogen
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WHAT POLYSACCHARIDE GIVES PLANT CELLS STRENGTH
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CELLULOSE (CELERY)
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lipids include what three types of nonpolar molecules
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fats oils, and cholesterol
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what three elemetns make up lipids
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CHO
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what type of molecules are bonded together to make a fat or an oil?
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fatty acids and glycerol
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what do we call three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
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triglyceride
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what are the differences between saturated and unsaturated fats
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saturated are saturated with hydrogen atoms and unsatuarated have double carbon bonds so they don't have as many hydrogen atom
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what tye of lipid makes up cell membranes
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phospholipid
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Which part of a phospholipid is polar
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PO4 ( a phosphate group)
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which part of phospholipid is nonpolar
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fatty acids
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wjat are 2 functions of cholesterol based steroids
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regulate reproductive systems (also control sexual development) and regulate stress levels
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A protein is a polymore of what monomers
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amino acids
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how many different amino acids are found in living things
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20
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how many can your body make
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12
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where do you get the rest>
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food... such as meat, beans, nuts
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what four parts of an amino acid are bonded to the central carbon
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side R group. NH2 (an amino group), COOH (carboxyl), Hydrogen atom
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in what reaction is a molecule of water lost in order to join amino acids
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dehydration synthesis
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What type of bond holds amino acids together
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covalent
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what is another name for a protein
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polypeptides
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what is a structure
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how something is put together or organized. how it looks, its form
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what is function
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what something does
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what determines a proteins structure and functions
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the specific sequence of amino acids
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wjat causes sick cell anemia
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at least one hemoglobin has incorrect amino acids and this causes the structure to change and prevent it from working properly
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what monomers make up nucleic acids
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nucleotides
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name the two types of nucleic acids
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DNA AND RNA
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what is the function of nucleic acids
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to make proteins
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in what raction is a molecule of water lost in order to join m,onomers into lifes polymers
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dehydration synthesis
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in what reaction is a molecule of water added in order to break polymers into monomers
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Hydrolysis
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how do plant and animal cells get usable energy
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break down sugars
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a protein molecule is a bunch of what
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amino acids
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how do chem reactions change substances into diff substances
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by breaking and forming chemical bonds
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in a chemical reaction what is a reactant
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substances changed duyring a chemical reaction
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in a chemical reaction what is a priduct
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substances that are made
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6O2 + C6H12O6 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
what is this process called |
cellular respiration
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which bonds are broken in cellular respiration
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oxygen and glucose
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hich bonds are formed
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carbon dioxide and water
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define bond energy
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the amoung of energy that will break a bond between two atoms
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are all bond energies equal
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no
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concerning bonds, when is energy releaded
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hen bonds form
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are reactions in living things every reversible
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yes
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EQUATION FOR CARBONIC ACID
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co2 plus h20 (equilibrium) h2c03
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whaat do the arrows above rep
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the reaction goes in both directions
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when does the reaction move toards the right
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when the co2 concentration is high
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to the left?
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WHEN THE CO2 CONCENTRATION IS LOW
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WHEN IS EQUILIBRIUM REACHED IN A REACTION
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WHEN BOTH THE PRODUCTS AND REACTANTS ARE MADE AT THE SAME RATE
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DEFINE ACTIVATION ENERGY
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THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY NEEDED TO BE ABSORBED FOR A CHEMICAL REACTION T BEGIN
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KNOW HOW TO DRAW EXOTHERMIC AND ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
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hhhhhhhhhhhhh
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what type of reaction endothermic or exothermic do fireflies use to give off light
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exothermic
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what type of reaction, exo or endo is cellular respiration
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exothermic
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what is cellular respiration
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the process that userse glucose and oxygen to provide usable nergy for cells
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what type of reaction endo or exo is photosynthesis
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endo
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what is photosynthesei
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plants absorb energy from sunligfht and use that energy to make simple sugars and complex carbs
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are enzymes proteins
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almost all enzymes are proteins
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a protein is a big long chain of what
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amoino acids
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define a catalyst
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a catalyst is asubstance that decreases the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction and increased the rate of the chemical reaction
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what reaction requires more activation energy catalyzed or normal
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normal
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how do catalysts affect the rate of a reaction
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increases the rate of a reaction
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