Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is biology? |
The study of life? |
|
|
Explain what homoeostasis is. |
The body maintains stable levels and keeps functioning even though external conditions change. This is called "homoeostasis." |
|
|
What does the arm of the microscope do? |
Supports the eyepiece. |
|
|
List the levels of biological organization from atoms to complex organisms. |
Atom Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic cells are just bacteria. Eukaryotic Cells Any cell that has membrane bound organelles is Eukaryotic. Eukaryotic cells are much more complex then prokaryotic cells. Plants and animals are made out of eukaryotic cells. Multi-celled organism Any organism with two or more cells. |
|
|
What are the three major themes of Biology? |
Unity of life and diversity, interdependence of organisms, and evolution of life. |
|
|
Explain the theme of Unity Of Life and Diversity in biology. |
All life has a few things in common. All living things are made of cells, respond to stimulu, use energy, grow, reproduce as a species, have organization of some sort, and adapt to their environment. There are also many differences between organisms, such as, uni vs multicellular, auto vs heterotrophic, their environment, and, most importantly, their DNA. |
|
|
Explain the theme of Interdependence of organisms |
All organisms have an influence on other organisms. Humans are the only life forms that can control how they interact with other life forms. The study of the Interdependence of organisms is called "Ecology". |
|
|
Describe the difference between cell division and cell development. |
Cell division makes more cells. Cell development is the process by which a cell matures. |
|
|
What is Natural Selection? |
Natural Selection is the process by which the the less evolved animals die and the farther evolved animals survive. The farther evolved animals are naturally selected to survive because they are stronger, faster, smarter, or have another advantage over the less evolved animals. |
|
|
Explain how the process of Natural Selection leads to adaptations. |
The animals that have an adaptation over the other animals survive. The animals that survive get to reproduce. The animals that get to reproduce get to pass their adaptations on to the next generation. |
|
|
Describe the difference between qualitative and quantitative data. |
Qualitative data describes the subjective qualities of something, such as the color. Quantitative data describes things like the cardinality. |
|
|
Describe the difference between hypothesis, theory, and law. |
A hypothesis is one person's idea. A theory has been looked at by many scientists and has almost no evidence against it. The Big Bang Theory. A law has been tested by a massive amount of scientists and no one can find anything wrong with it. |
|
|
What is the Extraneous Variable? |
A variable that you're not studying that could still impact the results of the experiment. The annoying variables. |
|
|
What is the independent variable? |
The variable that doesn't change based on another variable. Most of the time, this variable will be time. |
|
|
How does the tree of life illustrate both unity and diversity? |
All life has one common ancestor at the bottom of the tree, this shows unity. At the same time, it shows diversity because every living organism has its own leaf. |
|
|
What are adaptations? |
Adaptations are biological advantages that animals get through the process of Natural Selection. |
|
|
What is the dependent variable? |
A variable that does change based on another variable. |
|
|
What is the experimental group? |
The group is abnormal. The one that they compare to the control group. |
|
|
Compare a microscope's resoling power and its magnifying power. |
The resolving power is the microscope's ability to tell that objects are sperate. The magnifying power is its ability go magnify the image. |
|
|
What is the independent variable? |
The variable based on another variable. The independent variable is often time. |
|
|
Compare a microscope's resolving power and it's magnifying power. |
The resolving power is the microscope's ability to tell that objects are separate and to see clearly. Its magnifying power is the microscope's ability to magnify an image. |
|
|
How is the total magnification calculated? |
Total magnification of the microscope is calculated by multiplying the ocular lens magnification time the magnification of the objective lens being used. |
|
|
What is the dependant variable? |
A variable that does changed based on another variable. Unlike the extraneous variable, you are actually testing for this. |
|
|
What is the control group? |
The group that is the most normal. The one that scientists use as a base to compare to the experimental group. In drug tests, this would be the placebo group. |
|
|
What are the three types of microscopes? |
Light, TEM, and SEM. |
|
|
What microscopes are used to view live specimens? |
Light. |
|
|
What microscope can magnify the most? |
TEM. |
|
|
What microscope is the least expensive and easiest to use? |
Light. |
|
|
What microscopes can't view living specimens? |
TEM and SEM. |
|
|
What microscope does not use electrons? |
Light. |
|
|
What microscope is best for 3D images? |
SEM |
|
|
What does SEM in SEM microscope stand for? |
Scanning electron microscope |
|
|
What two microscopes do use electrons? |
SEM and TEM. |
|
|
What part of the microscope is at the bottom of the microscope and supports all other parts of the microscope? |
The base. |
|
|
What part of the microscope supports the eyepiece? |
The arm. |
|
|
What does TEM stand for in terms of microscopes? |
Transmission Electron Microscopes |
|
|
What does the eyepiece of the microscope do? |
It is the first lens of the microscope. It is the part you put you eye against. |
|
|
What is the magnification of the eyepiece? |
10x |
|
|
What does the body tube to the microscope do? |
Reflects and gathers light so you can see the specimen. |
|
|
What does the revolving nosepiece of the microscope do? |
Allows you to change magnification by spinning from one objective lens to another. |
|
|
What is the magnification of the scanning objective and what is it used for? |
Magnification 4x. Used to locate specimen. |
|
|
What is the magnification of the low power objective? |
Magnification 10x. |
|
|
What is the magnification of the high power objective? |
40x |
|
|
What does the stage of the microscope do? |
It is where the slide rests. |
|
|
What do the stage clips do? |
Keeps the slide in place on the stage. |
|
|
What does the diaphragm of the microscope do? |
It changes the amount of light on the specimen. |
|
|
What does the coarse adjustment of the microscope do? |
It moves the stage up and down quickly. |
|
|
What does the fine adjustment of the microscope do? |
Move the stage up and down slowly. |
|
|
How should you carry microscope? |
With one hand on the arm of the microscope and the other of the base. |
|
|
Here's a picture of the microscope. |
|
|
|
What is activation energy? |
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction. |
|
|
What is an atom? |
The smallest unit of matter that can still be considered and element. |
|
|
What is a compound? |
A substance made up of two or more different elements joined together by chemical bonds. |
|
|
What is a product in Biology? |
The substance formed as the result of a chemical reaction. |
|
|
What is the charge of a proton? |
Positive. |
|
|
What is the charge of a neutron? |
Trick question, it has no charge. |
|
|
What is the charge of an electron? |
Negative. |
|
|
What is the mass of an electron? |
0 |
|
|
What is the mass of a proton? |
1 |
|
|
What is the mass of a neutron? |
1 |
|
|
Why does water dissolve substances more efficiently than any other solvent on Earth? |
Water is polar. |
|
|
In a glass of sugar and water, identify the solute and solvent? |
The water would be the solvent because it almost always is. The sugar would be the solute because I already know it's not the solvent. |
|
|
What is a hydrolysis reaction? |
A hydrolysis reaction is the chemical breakdown of a compound due to contact with water. This happens when water acts as the solvent. Someone has two glasses of water. Glass one has salt water in it and glass two has fresh water in it. If someone mixed both glasses together, a hydrolysis reaction would take place as the fresh water from glass two breaks down the chemical compounds of the salt. |
|
|
What is a condensation reaction? |
The conversion of vapor or gas into a liquid. |
|
|
What are enzymes and what do they do? |
Enzymes are biological molecules that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions. |
|
|
What is stronger, covalent bonds or ionic bonds? |
Covalent bonds. |
|
|
In a glass of sugar water, identify the solute and the solvent. |
The water is the solvent. |
|
|
Why does water dissolve more substances more effectively than any other solvent on Earth? |
It is a polar molecule. |
|
|
What happens in a condensation reaction? |
A condensation reaction happens when monomers link to polymers through a chemical reaction. |
|
|
What is the function of carbs? |
To provide short term energy. |
|
|
What is the function of lipids? |
To provide long term energy. |
|
|
What is the function of proteins? |
They are the building blocks of cells. |
|
|
What is the function of nucleic acids? |
To store genetic info. |
|
|
What increases faster, the surface area or the volume of a cell? |
The surface area. |
|
|
Describe how the surface area and the volume relate to a cells efficiency. |
The cell wants lots of surface area but not a lot of volume. This is because more surface area provides more cell membrane. The cells also wants to remain small in volume so things can travel around the cell easily. |
|
|
What does the cell membrane do? |
Lets things in, keeps other things out, communicates with other cells, and provides structure for the cell. |
|
|
Do small cells have a large or small surface area to volume ratio? |
Large. |
|
|
Is the cell membrane in plant cells, animal cells, or both? |
Both. |
|
|
What are the only two organelles that are not in both plant and animal cells? |
The mitochondria and the chloroplast. |
|
|
Is the chloroplast in plant or animal cells? |
Plant cells. |
|
|
Is the mitochondria in plant or animal cells? |
Animal cells. |
|
|
What is the chloroplast responsible for? |
Photosynthesis. |
|
|
What goes in the blank? The mitochondria is the __________ of the cell. |
powerhouse |
|
|
What is the nucleus responsible for? |
Holding DNA. |
|
|
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
A network of tubes that transports things like proteins within the cell. |
|
|
What do Ribosomes do? |
It makes proteins. |
|
|
What does the Golgi Complex do? |
It processes packages and secretes. It is like the mailman of the cell. |
|
|
What is the cytoplasm? |
The gel-like liquid that surrounds all of the organelles. It keeps the organelles in place and stores nutrients. |
|
|
What is the lysome? |
The digestive organelle. |
|
|
Define passive transport. |
Transport that does not require any energy from the cell. |
|
|
List the three types of passive transport. |
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis. |
|
|
Define active transport. |
Transport that does require energy from the cell. |
|
|
When would a cell use exocytosis? |
Exocytosis happens when there is something inside the cell that the cell that the cell releases. This happens when the cell gets rid of waste. |
|
|
What is endocytosis? |
Endocytosis happens when the cell takes matter from outside of the cell and brings it to the inside. |
|
|
What is the concentration gradient? |
The incline or amount of concentration from one place to another, especially in the context of a cell. |
|
|
Define hypertonic. |
A hypertonic environment is an environment that has less water than what it is being compared to. If a cell is in a hypertonic environment it means that is is in an environment that has less water than the cell. The cell will shrink, then die. |
|
|
Define hypotonic. |
Something is hypotonic when it has more water than what it is being compared to. If a cell is in a hypotonic environment, it will gain to much water, burst, and die. |
|
|
Define isotonic. |
The place in between hypertonic and hypotonic, neutral. |
|
|
What is oogenesis? |
The process by which eggs are made. |
|
|
How many eggs are made in oogenesis? |
1 egg that is able to be fertilized is produced. There are four eggs that are made total, but three of them are useless. |
|
|
In spermatogenesis, how many sperm are produced? |
Four useful sperms. |
|
|
What are the three major parts of the cell cycle in order? |
interphase, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis. |
|
|
What are the different subphases of interphase? |
G1, S phase, and G2 |
|
|
What happens during G1? |
Cell growth. |
|
|
What happens during S phase? |
DNA replication. |
|
|
What happens during G2? |
Preparation for mitosis. |
|
|
What are the different subphases of mitosis? |
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. |
|
|
What is the last phase of the cell cycle? |
Cytokinesis. |
|
|
At what subphase does the nucleus reform and surround the chromosomes? |
Prophase. |
|
|
Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell during what two subphases? |
Metaphase and anaphase. |
|
|
Chromatin begins to coil and densely pack into chromosomes during what subphase? |
Metaphase. |
|
|
When does the cleavage furrow appear? |
Cytokinesis. |
|
|
At what subphase do spindle fibers begin to grow from the centrosome? |
Prophase. |
|
|
The spindle fibers have been separated by what subphase? |
Telophase one |
|
|
This comes before cytokinesis. |
Telophase. |
|
|
What two materials are chromosomes made of? |
DNA and protein. |
|
|
What is a somatic cell? |
Any cell in the organism other than sex cells. |
|
|
If an organism has 36 chromosomes in its somatic cells, how many does it have in a sex cell? |
18, because sex cells have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells. |
|
|
What is a haploid cell? |
A sex cell. |
|
|
What is a diploid cell? |
Same thing as a somatic cell. |
|
|
If an organism has a haploid number of 12, how many chromosomes does its somatic cells contain? |
24 |
|
|
Between cell divisions, the DNA in eukaryotic cells are uncoiled and spread out. When DNA is in the state, what is it called? |
Chromatin. |
|
|
What are gametes? |
A mature haploid cell. |
|
|
What process forms gametes? |
Meiosis. |
|
|
What process forms two cells? |
Mitosis. |
|
|
What process forms four cells? |
Meiosis. |
|
|
What process forms haploid cells? |
Meiosis. |
|
|
What process forms diploid cells? |
Mitosis. |
|
|
What process forms somatic cells? |
Mitosis. |
|
|
What process forms genetically unique cells? |
Meiosis. |
|
|
What chromosome pair are the sex chromosomes? |
Pair number 46. |
|
|
What are autosomes? |
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome. |
|
|
How many autosomes do humans have? |
22 |
|
|
A photograph of an infant's chromosomes that allows doctors to check for chromosomal deformities and oddities is called a______. |
karyotype |
|
|
In Eukaryotic cells, DNA is copied during what subphase of the cell cycle? |
S Phase. |
|
|
The cytoplasm in Eukaryotic cells divides by a process called |
cytokinesis. |
|
|
How does meiosis differ from mitosis? |
Meiosis makes four cells, mitosis makes two. Meiosis makes sex cells, mitosis makes every type of cell except sex cells. Meiosis makes genetically unique cells, mitosis just copies. |
|
|
What was Griffith's experiment and discovery? |
Griffith discovered that if he gave a mouse a nonvirulent strain and a heat-killed virulent strain of pneumonia that the dead virulent strain would make the alive nonvirulent strain virulent. When he injected mice with the nonvirulent strain they didn't die. When he injected the mice with a virulent heat-killed strain they didn't die. He concluded that there had to be a transforming agent between the virulent heat-killed strain and the nonvirulent alive strain making the alive nonvirulent strain mixed with the dead virulent strain virulent. |
|
|
What did Avery discover? |
They discovered that the transforming agent was DNA. |
|
|
What was the Hershey-Chase experiment and discovery? |
They confirmed that the transforming agent was DNA. They labeled the protein of a virus cell with radioactive phosphorus, killed the protein, and then discovered that the transforming agent still worked. They did the same to the DNA in the virus cell and discovered that the transforming agent didn't work. |
|
|
What was Franklin's experiment and discovery? |
She discovered the double helix shape of DNA. |
|
|
What did Wilkin do? |
He worked alongside Franklin to discover the double helix shape. |
|
|
What was Chargaff's discovery? |
He discovered that the number of C's was equal to the number of G's in DNA. |
|
|
What did Watson and Crick do? |
The designed a model of DNA in the double helix shape with T's A's C's and G's. |
|
|
Nitrogenous bases are held together by what kind of bond? |
Hydrogen. |
|
|
According to the base-pairing rules for DNA, C bonds with? |
G |
|
|
___________ is an enzyme that attaches nucleotides together on the new strands of DNA. |
Phosphodiester bonds and hydrogen bonds. |
|
|
DNA replication occurs during what stage of the cell cycle? |
S phase. |
|
|
Where does the process of transcription occur? |
The nucleus. |
|
|
How many nucleotides are in one codon or anti-codon? |
Three. |
|
|
What would GGT ACA CTG TCA GTA be after being translated into RNA? |
T=A and A=U when translated DNA code into RNA. First it would become GGA UCU CAG ACU GAU. Next you'd need to translate it using a chart and it would become Gly, Ser, Glu, Thr, and Asp. |
|
|
The process of assembling amino acids into a protein chain is best called |
translation |
|
|
Where does translation occur? |
The ribosome. |
|
|
What RNA(s) contain the nitrogen base G? |
All RNAs. |
|
|
What RNA carries amino acids? |
tRNA. |
|
|
tRNA does what? |
tRNA carries amino acids. |
|
|
What RNA acts as the directions? |
Trick question, no RNA does that. |
|
|
What RNA contains the nitrogen base T? |
All RNA. |
|
|
What RNA contains anticodons? |
tRNA. |
|
|
Does tRNA contain anticodons? |
Yes. |
