Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
correlation
|
a relationship between two
Variables |
|
|
subjects are similar in many characteristics
|
Researchers who use correlational studies do their best to ensure?
|
|
|
Correlation
|
does not equal causation
|
|
|
sample
|
a small subgroup used for an experimental test
|
|
|
sampling error
|
the effect of chance on experimental results
|
|
|
Sample Size
|
the number of individuals in the exp. and control groups
|
|
|
statistics
|
specialized branch of mathematics used in the evaluation of experimental data
|
|
|
Descriptive Statistics
|
helps researchers summarize data from the sample of a population
|
|
|
Inferential Statistics
|
allow scientists to extend the results they summarize from their sample to the entire population
|
|
|
Statistical tests
|
actually evaluate the ‘null hypothesis’
|
|
|
null hypothesis
|
that there is zero difference between the experimental and control populations
|
|
|
All statistical tests
|
operate with the assumption that the experiment was designed and carried out correctly
|
|
|
statistically significant
|
defined as one that has a 5% probability or less of being due to chance alone
|
|
|
double-blind experiment
|
both the research subjects and the experimenters are unaware of either the hypothesis or whether control or experimental group
|
|
|
ensure the data is objective
|
Why blind the experimenter?
|
|
|
hypothesis
|
a proposed explanation for one or more observations
|
|
|
testable
|
must be possible to evaluate the hypothesis through observations of the measurable universe
|
|
|
falsifiable
|
must be able to be proved false
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
are judgments that are not scientific, since different people have different ideas about what is right and wrong
|
|
|
hypothesis testing
|
based on deductive reasoning or deduction
|
|
|
hypothesis testing
|
Involves making a specific prediction about the outcome of an action or test based on observable facts
|
|
|
hypothesis testing
|
Takes the form of ‘if/then’ statements
|
|
|
hypothesis
|
may be rejected later on based on the results of a different test
|
|
|
alternative hypothesis
|
factors other than the tested hypothesis that may explain observations
|
|
|
experiments
|
contrived situations designed to test specific hypo
|
|
|
data
|
information collected by scientists during hypo testing
|
|
|
primary sources
|
written by researchers themselves
|
|
|
secondary sources
|
books, news reports, and ads
|
|
|
anecdotal evidence
|
advice is based on one’s personal experience
|
|
|
testimonial
|
a common form of anecdote
|
|
|
Newsworthiness
Is the discovery controversial? Conflicting and Confusing Results Examine the Scientific Claim Reliability |
5 Things for Understanding Science from Secondary Sources?
|
|
|
solvent
|
what a solute is dissolved in
|
|
|
solute
|
substance that dissolves in a liquid
|
|
|
CARBON
|
All life on Earth is based on the chemistry of the element
|
|
|
atomic number
|
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
atomic mass
|
sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus
|
|
|
protons
|
positively charged
|
|
|
neutrons
|
electrically neutral
|
|
|
electrons
|
negatively charged
|
|
|
hydrogen bonding
|
a weak chemical bond that forms between dipolar molecules
|
|
|
covalent bond
|
type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons
|
|
|
polar
|
unequal sharing of electrons makes water?
|
|
|
nonpolar
|
atoms of a molecule carry no charge
|
|
|
pH
|
measure of the relative amounts of these ions in a solution
|
|
|
acidic
|
substance that donates H+ ions to a solution
|
|
|
basic
|
substance that accepts H+ ions
|
|
|
DNA
|
Which molecule has sugar-phosphate backbone?
|
|
|
carbohydrate
|
one or more sugar molecule
|
|
|
polar molecule
|
molecule that carries opposite charges on opposite sides
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
constant internal environment despite an ever-changing external environment
|
|
|
Chloroplast
|
Where does photosynthesis occur in the cell?
|
|
|
Mitochondria
|
Where does cellular respiration occur in the cell?
|
|
|
enzyme
|
protein that catalyzes and regulates the rate of metabolic reactions
|
|
|
lysosomes
|
help break down food that is ingested before it is sent to the mitochondria
|
|
|
chloroplasts
|
help the cells convert food energy into a form usable by cells, called ATP
|
|
|
ribosomes
|
workbenches where proteins are assembled
|
|
|
endoplasmic reticulum
|
many proteins are assembled on the membranes of the?
|
|
|
Golgi apparatus
|
proteins are modified and sorted in a membranous structure called the?
|
|
|
centrioles
|
involved in moving genetic material around when a cell divides
|
|
|
vacuole
|
Where plant cells store sugars and pigments?
|
|
|
Centrioles
|
Which part of cell made up of microtubules?
|
|
|
microtubules
|
Help move chromosomes around when a cell divides?
|
|
|
Phospholipids
|
What molecules form a bi-layer?
|
|
|
dehydration
|
Deficiency of water in body
|
|
|
hydrogenation
|
adding hydrogen gas under pressure to make liquid oils more solid
|
|
|
all chemical reactions in cells would occur relentlessly, whether the products of the reaction were needed or not
|
Why do we have activation barriers?
|
|
|
3,500 calories
|
One pound of fat
|
|
|
obesity
|
BMI of 30 or greater
|
|
|
exocytosis
|
occurs when a membrane bound vesicle, carrying some substance, fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the exterior of the cell
|
|
|
endocytosis
|
occurs when a substance is brought into a cell by a vesicle pinching inward, bringing the substance with it
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration. This does not require outside energy-it is spontaneous
|
|
|
osmosis
|
The movement of water across a membrane; high to low; water moves through proteins in the membrane called aquaporins, but even without those, water can still cross the membrane
|
|
|
passive transport
|
when substances diffuse across the plasma membrane
|
|
|
active transport
|
uses proteins, powered by ATP, to move substances up a concentration gradient
|
|
|
saturated fats
|
exist when the carbons of a fatty acid are bound to as many hydrogens as possible
|
|
|
unsaturated fats
|
exist when there are C=C and the fat is not saturated in hydrogens
|
|
|
No
|
Decrease in body water level causes sweating?
|
|
|
eukaryotic cells
|
1. have a nucleus
2. have organelles (internal structures with specialized functions) 3. include single-celled organisms such as amoebas and yeast, as well as multicellular plants, fungi, and animals |
|
|
prokaryotic cells
|
1. no nucleus
2. no separate membrane-bound compartment that contains DNA 3. no membrane bound internal structures 4. smaller than eukaryotic cells, and predate eukaryotic cells |
|
|
whole foods
|
Have not been stripped of their nutrition by processing and contain vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants
|
|
|
processed foods
|
provide no real nutrition
|
|
|
nucleotides that comprise DNA and RNA
|
Nucleic Acids are polymers of what?
|
|
|
vitamins
|
organic, or C containing, substances that are required only in small amounts
|
|
|
minerals
|
substances that do not contain C, but are essential for many cell functions. Inorganic
|
|
|
Protons and neutrons
|
What is found in nucleus of atom?
|
|
|
Water-soluble
|
-Small organic molecules
-Will dissolve in water -Cannot be synthesized by body -Supplements packaged as pressed tablets -Excesses usually not a problem |
|
|
Fat-soluble
|
-Small organic molecules
-Will not dissolve in water -Cannot by synthesized by body -Supplements packaged as oily gel caps -Excesses can cause problems |
