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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Genetics |
the study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring |
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Father of Genetics |
Gregor Mendel |
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autosomes |
non- sex chromosomes (22 pair) |
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sex chromosomes |
X and Y chromosomes |
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Gene |
DNA or traits |
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Phenotype |
the physical appearence |
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Genotype |
the genetic make up |
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What are the 3 types of Genotypes? |
Homozygous Dominant Heterozygous Homozygous recessive |
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Dominant Gene |
gene that is expressed
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Recessive Gene |
not expressed unless it is homozygous |
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True/ Pure breeding |
organism is either homo dominant or homo recessive |
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Monohybrid Cross |
passage of 1 trait |
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Dihybrid Cross |
the passage of 2 traits |
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Filial Generation |
offspring from a mating |
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Test Cross |
a cross that is performed when genotype of parent with a dominant trait is unknown |
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Punnet Square |
a matrix that is used to determine expected genetic outcome |
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Sex Linked Genes |
genes that are found on sex chromosomes |
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Carrier |
won't express trait but will have the recessive allele |
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Karyotyping |
preperation of chromosomes that are stopped in metaphase |
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Pedigree analysis |
examination of family tree |
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deletion |
removal or loss of genetic information |
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duplication |
addition of genetic information |
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inversion |
chromosome breaks and rotates 180 degrees and reattaches |
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What are the 2 different types of inversions |
1. Paracentric- does not involve centromere 2. Paracentric- involves the centromere |
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Translocation |
exchange of genetic info between 2 none homo chromosomes |
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nondisjunction |
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or failure of chromatids to separate during anaphase 2 |
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What are the 2 types of nondisjunction? |
1. Primary nondisjunction- failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 2. Secondary nondisjunction- failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis 2 |
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Polymers |
DNA RNA |
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Monomers |
dexoiribose, phosphate, adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine
Ribose + phosphate +adenine +cytosine+ uracil + guanine |
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Transcription |
Process that concerts DNA/ mRNA |
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What are the 5 types of RNA |
mRNA, tRNA, small interference RNA, small nuclear RNA |
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Messanger RNA (mRNA) |
encodes for amino acid sequence (formed during transcription) |
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Transfer RNA (tRNA) |
responsible for bringing the correct amino acid to the site of protein synthesis(Involved in translation) |
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
Involved in formation of functional ribosome (involved in process of translation) |
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Small Interference RNA (SiRNA) |
blocks gene expression (involved in translation) |
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Small Nuclear RNA (SR RNA) |
blocks mRNA processing (Involved in transcription) |
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What type of RNA does a prokaryote contain? |
mRNA, tRNA, and rRN ONLY |
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What type of RNA does eukaryote contain? |
All 5 RNA = mRNA,tRNA,rRNA, SR RNA, SiRNA |
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What are the requirements for transcription? |
- Takes place in the nucleus of cell - uses uracil instead of Thymine - does not involve proof reading |
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What are the players of transcription? |
RNA polymerase and Promoters |
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What is RNA polymerase |
- 5 part enzyme - Sigma subunit = recognizes correct promoters - Alpha + 2 Beta Subunit= Forms RNA chain |
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Promoters |
Specific sequences of DNA which are recognized by promoters |
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Name the two types of promoters |
- 35 regions -10 regions |
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Law of Independent Assortment |
- Each pair of factors separates independently - All possible combinations of factors can occur in the gametes |
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Law of Segregatation |
- Each individual has two factors for each trait - The factors segregate during the formation of the gametes - Each gamete contains only one factor from each pair of factors - Fertilization gives each new individual two factors for each trait |
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Bidirectional |
5' --------3' 3'---------5' |
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What are the requirements for DNA replication? |
- Bidirectional - can only occur in a single strand of DNA -semi-conservatives ( each strand of DNA issued as a template to direct synthesis) -DNA requires RNA primer (short recess of RNA) -DNA replication requires a template |
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leading strand |
strand for replication is continuous. The synthesis is directed by original strand |
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Lagging strand |
strand where replication is discontinuous and is directed by original strand
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Okazaki fragments |
- Fragments of DNA strand |
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What are the players of Replication? |
Structural Proteins Enzymes |
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What are structural proteins?? |
1) DNA Proteins = this protein binds to start site of replication begins the unzipping of DNA 2) Single stranded binding proteins - binds to single stranded DNA and prevents it from unzipping |
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What are enzymes? |
1) Helicase = unzips DNA 2) RNA primase = will synthesize RNA 3) Topisomariase or DNA syrace - relieves supporting of DNA molecules 4) DNA ligase = "glue" okazaki fragments 5) DNA polymorases a. DNA pol I = has proof reaction or editing + polymore or chain forming b. DNA pol II = function is unknown but required c. DNA pol III= main enzyme for replication |
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What is the process of DNA replication? |
1) Signal to the nucleus 2) DNA protein binds to start site of replication + begins to unzip DNA 3) SSBP bind to unzipped DNA ( single stranded DNA ) 4) RNA primer will synthesize our RNA primer 5) DNA pol III began to make new DNA strand - Replication is continuous on leading strand -Replication is discontinuous on lagging strand 6) DNA pol I will cut out primer 7) DNA pol I replaces missing genetic information 8) DNA lygase would glue fragments together
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Incomplete Dominance |
Dominant gene does not completely mask the expression of the recessive gene |
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Co- Dominance |
2 dominant alleles are being expressed ex. Blood Typing |
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What is the largest chromosome? |
X and Y chromosome |
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What is the smallest chromosome |
the other 22 pair that are non sex chromosomes |
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What does karyotyping reveal? |
-changes in chromosomal structure - changes in chromosomal number - I.D. good DNA from bad DNA - position of centromere |
