Biology Exam 3

Front 1

Haploid

Back 1

Single set of unpaired chromosomes

Gametes have only 1 set of chromosomes

Hint 1

1

Front 2

Diploid

Back 2

2 complete sets of chromosomes (one from each parent)

Somatic cells of adults have 2 sets of Homologous chromosomes

Hint 2

2

Front 3

Gamete

Back 3

Mature haploid male/female germ cell, able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form zygote.

Have only one set of chromosomes

Hint 3

Hap. Mix can bond with

Front 4

Zygote

Back 4

Diploid cell resulting from the fusion of 2 haploid gametes, a fertilized ovum.

Hint 4

2 hap= di

Front 5

Fertilization

Back 5

The action of a male and female gamete creating a diploid zygote

Hint 5

Action of?...

Front 6

Homologous chromosomes

Back 6

Chromosome pairs (one from each parent) that are similar in length, gene position, and centromere location.

Front 7

Zygotes undergo mitosis to produce what?

Back 7

Diploid cells

Front 8

Germ-lime cells undergo meiosis to produce what?

Back 8

Gametes

Front 9

Meiosis includes how many rounds of division? And what are they and what do they include?

Back 9

2, meiosis I and meiosis II. They each include prophase, metaphase Anaphase and telophase.

Hint 9

2, 4 different includes

Front 10

Chromosomes coil tighter and become viable, nuclear envelope disappears, spindle forms. What phase?

Back 10

Prophase 1

Hint 10

1

Front 11

Crossover happens between what 2 chromosomes and what process?

Back 11

Nonsister chromatids. Synapsis

Hint 11

Nosis syn

Front 12

Synapsis happens during what phase?

Back 12

Prophase I

Front 13

Crossovers and sister chromatids cohesion lock homologues together, microtubules connect to kinetochores of sister chromatids so that homologues are pulled toward opposite poles

Back 13

Metaphase I

Hint 13

M

Front 14

Microtubules pull the homologous chromosomes apart, but sister sister chromatids are held together at centromere.

Back 14

Anaphase I

Front 15

Homologues do not pair, kinetochores of sister chromatids remain separate; microtubules attach to both kinetochores on opposite sides of the centromere. What phase?

Back 15

Metaphase of Mitosis

Front 16

Microtubules pill sister chromatids apart

Back 16

Anaphase for mitosis

Front 17

Nuclear envelope forms aroind each daughter cell, sister chromatic are no longer identicle because of crossing over, cytokinesis may or may not occur after phase. Meiosis II occurs after an interval of variable length. What phase?

Back 17

Telophase I

Front 18

Resembles a mitotic division but with 23 and not 46 sets of sister chromatids.

Back 18

Meiosis II

Front 19

Nuclear envelope dissolves and new spindle apparatus forms

Back 19

Prophase II

Hint 19

2

Front 20

Nuclear envelope re-forms around 4 sets of daughter chromosomes; cytokinesis follows.

Back 20

Telophase II

Front 21

What are these increasing?

Independent assortment- reassortment of genetic material

Crossing over- DNA exchange between arms of nomsister chromatids

Random fertilization- zygote forms a new individual fusion of 2 gametes

Back 21

Meiosis increasing genetic variability

Hint 21

Something (m) increasing something (g,v)

Front 22

Traits that you can see

Physical appearance

Back 22

Phenotype

Front 23

Specific make up of traits

Total set of alleles an individual contains

Back 23

Genotype

Front 24

2 of the same allele

Back 24

Homozygous

Front 25

Different alleles

Back 25

Heterozygous

Front 26

2 alleles for a gene segregate during gamete formation and are rejoined at random, one from each patent during fertilization.

Physical basis: behavior of chromosomes during meiosis

Back 26

Principle of Segregation

Front 27

Genes (alleles) independently separating from one another when reproductive cells develop. (During the production of gametes)

Traits are transmitted independently of one another.

Back 27

Independent assortment

Front 28

Refers to allele which had more than one effect on phenotype. Effects are difficult to predict because that affects one trait often performs other, unknown functions. This can be seen in human diseases such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia

Back 28

Pleiotropy

Front 29

Heterozygote is intermediate in phenotype between 2 homozygotes (red flowers x white flowers= pink flowers)

Back 29

Incomplete dominance

Front 30

Heterozygote shows some aspect of the phenotypes of both homozygotes. (Type AB blood)

Back 30

Codominacne

Front 31

XX =What

Back 31

Female sex chromosome

Front 32

XY = What

Back 32

Male sex chromosome

Front 33

When one gene masks the affect of another gene the ratio is modified. This phenomenon is called what?

Back 33

Epistasis

Hint 33

Ep

Front 34

The failure of sister chromatids to separate during and after mitosis is called what

Back 34

Nondisjunction

Hint 34

Non

Front 35

Any pattern of inheritance in which traits do not segregate in accordance with Mendels laws of inheritance.

Back 35

Non-mendelian inheritance

Front 36

The presence of an abnormal # of chromosomes In a cell. For example, a human cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46.

Back 36

Aneuploidy

Front 37

What is the monomeric unit of RNA and DNA.

Back 37

Nucleotides

Front 38

Nucleotides are made of what?

Back 38

Nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar (ribose/deoxyribose) and (at least) 1 phosphate group

Front 39

How is a nucleotide linked?

Back 39

Through a phosphodiester bond, a covalent bond is formed between the 5' phosphate group of one nucleotides and the 3'- OH group of another